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The work frames key evaluation questions about whether inequality of opportunity changes over time and how specific interventions affect opportunity gaps. It reviews limitations of existing literature and proposes a robust framework for ranking states, implemented with statistical tools, then applied to Norway’s introduction of universally available child care and its effects on inequality of opportunity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/equalization-of-opportunity-definitions-implementable-conditions-and-application-to-early-childhood-policy-evaluation/202181/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/equalization-of-opportunity-definitions-implementable-conditions-and-application-to-early-childhood-policy-evaluation/202181.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"McGucket","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main policy goal addressed in the paper?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To promote equality of opportunity so that individual success depends on merit rather than social background.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which practical questions does the paper identify for evaluating equalization of opportunity policies?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Whether inequality of opportunity changes over time, whether one country exhibits more inequality than another, and whether a specific intervention succeeded in equalizing opportunities.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the paper propose to rank countries or states and implement the ranking?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It provides a robust equal-opportunity framework for ranking states using (inverse) stochastic dominance tools within rank-dependent preferences, and develops a statistical framework to implement the ranking.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},202181,1788543370,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":31,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1236954412713,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Equalization of opportunity: De􀀌nitions, implementable conditions and application to early-childhood policy evaluation  \nFrancesco Andreoli} Tarjei Havnes􀁿 Arnaud Lefranc|  \n} CEPS/INSTEAD, Luxembourg and University of Verona  \n􀁿 ESOP, University of Oslo and Statistics Norway | Thema, University of Cergy-Pontoise  \nSITE Workshop-Stockholm School of Economics-1.-2. Sep 2014  \nIntroduction  \nAn important goal for public policy is to promote equality of opportunity  \nI to let individual success be determined by merit not social background.  \nIntroduction  \nAn important goal for public policy is to promote equality of opportunity  \nI to let individual success be determined by merit not social background.  \nWhile we celebrate equality of opportunity, we live in a society in which birth is becoming fate.  \nJames Heckman (on US society) { Boston Review 2012  \n[We need to] make sure none of our children start the race of life already behind. [...] Lack of access to preschool education can shadow [poor kids] for the rest of their lives. [...] I propose working with states to make high-quality pre-school available to every child in America.  \nUS President Barack Obama, State of the Union 2013  \nIntroduction  \nImportant questions include  \nI Is inequality of opportunity changing over time in a given country?  \nI Does country A exhibit more inequality of opportunity than some other country B?  \nI Did a particular policy intervention succeed at equalizing opportunities? Or did it have the opposite e􀀋ect?  \nIntroduction  \nImportant questions include  \nI Is inequality of opportunity changing over time in a given country?  \nI Does country A exhibit more inequality of opportunity than some other country B?  \nI Did a particular policy intervention succeed at equalizing opportunities? Or did it have the opposite e􀀋ect?  \nBut how do we evaluate this in practice?  \nIntroduction  \nA natural and appealing starting point is the principle of Equality of Opportunity.  \nI Individuals who exert similar e􀀋ort  \nI should face similar opportunities  \nI irrespective of their circumstances  \nRoemer (1998), Fleurbaey (2008), Lefranc, Pistolesi and Trannoy (2009)  \nIntroduction  \nA natural and appealing starting point is the principle of Equality of Opportunity.  \nI Individuals who exert similar e􀀋ort  \nI should face similar opportunities  \nI irrespective of their circumstances  \nRoemer (1998), Fleurbaey (2008), Lefranc, Pistolesi and Trannoy (2009)  \nBut existing literature either  \n[1.](1. is)[ is](1. is) too demanding to provide a satisfying answer  \n2. relies on particular indicators of advantage or on parametric social welfare functions  \nI conclusions rest on functional form and parameter choices  \nI ranking can be non-monotonic in inequality aversion  \nChecchi and Peragine (2010), Ramos and Van de gaer (2012), Bourguignon, Ferreira and Menendez (2007), Lefranc, Pistolesi and Trannoy (2008), Aaberge, Mogstad and Peragine (2011) .  \nIntroduction  \nThe basic EOp framework may not distinguish even when states are severely and obviously di􀀋erent.  \nIntroduction  \nEven second-order dominance tools may fail to conclude in cases that  \nseem intuitively obvious.  \nThis paper  \nWe make three contributions:  \n1. provide a framework for robust ranking of states according to EOp  \nI robust wrt to the class of rank-dependent preferences  \nI allows ranking by using (inverse) stochastic dominance tools  \n2. We develop a statistical framework for implementing this ranking.  \n3. We apply our framework to evaluate how the introduction of universally available child care in Norway a􀀋ected inequality of opportunity.","cbCais7EULy4TZdN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais7EULy4TZdN","pdf",1390730,"English","# Introduction\n## Equality of opportunity and key evaluation questions\n## Limitations of existing approaches\n# This paper\n## Contributions\n## Application to Norway’s child care policy","[{\"question\":\"What is the main policy goal addressed in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"To promote equality of opportunity so that individual success depends on merit rather than social background.\"},{\"question\":\"Which practical questions does the paper identify for evaluating equalization of opportunity policies?\",\"answer\":\"Whether inequality of opportunity changes over time, whether one country exhibits more inequality than another, and whether a specific intervention succeeded in equalizing opportunities.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper propose to rank countries or states and implement the ranking?\",\"answer\":\"It provides a robust equal-opportunity framework for ranking states using (inverse) stochastic dominance tools within rank-dependent preferences, and develops a statistical framework to implement the ranking.\"}]","Equalization of opportunity - Definitions, implementable conditions and application to early-childhood policy evaluation | PDF",126]