[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-349523-105":59,"doc-detail-349523-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","epigenetic-alterations-in-head-and-neck-cancer-a-brief-update","Epigenetic alterations in head and neck cancer - a brief update","","DNA methylation of tumour suppressor genes is the most studied epigenetic alteration in head and neck cancer. CDKN2A, RASSF1, and TIMP3 are frequently investigated, though methylation has been analysed in many additional genes, including MGMT. Evidence includes prognostic biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma, LSD1 inhibition reducing OSCC development, and TIMP3 methylation affecting survival patterns by histology. Distinct methylation subgrouping is also reported across neuroblastoma, NUT carcinoma, SMARCB1/INI1-deficient tumours, and multiple salivary gland cancer subtypes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/epigenetic-alterations-in-head-and-neck-cancer-a-brief-update/349523/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/epigenetic-alterations-in-head-and-neck-cancer-a-brief-update/349523.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"PakDamar76","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Which epigenetic alteration is most extensively studied in head and neck cancer?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"DNA methylation of tumour suppressor genes is the most well-studied epigenetic alteration in head and neck cancer.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What methylation markers are highlighted as promising in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Methylation of MGMT, DAPK, and CDKN2A is described as promising for prognostic biomarker value in OSCC.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do methylation findings differ across sinonasal tumour types?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Methylation of TIMP3 in sinonasal adenocarcinoma (intestinal type) is associated with worse survival, an association not seen in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},349523,1790632751,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090893057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Virchows Archiv (2026) 489:289–295  \n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04528-9](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04528-9)  \nEpigenetic alterations in head and neck cancer: a brief update  \nHenrik Hellquist1,2,3 · Pedro Castelo‑Branco1,2,4 · Göran Stenman5 · Alfons Nadal6 · Abbas Agaimy7 · Nina Zidar8 · Reydson Alcides de Lima‑Souza9,10 · Fernanda Viviane Mariano10 · Andrés Coca‑Pelaz11 · Alfio Ferlito12,13  \nReceived: 14 January 2026 / Revised: 27 March 2026 / Accepted: 14 April 2026 / Published online: 29 April 2026 © Crown 2026  \nAbstract  \nDNA methylation of tumour suppressor genes is the most well-studied epigenetic alterations in head and neck cancer. The tumour suppressor genes CDKN2A, RASSF1, and TIMP3 are the most frequently investigated, but the methylation status has been analysed in more than another dozen genes, for example MGMT. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) methylation of MGMT, DAPK, and CDKN2A are promising biomarkers of prognostic value. Inhibition of LSD1, encoding a histone demethylase, attenuates the development and growth of OSCC. Methylation of TIMP3 in sinonasal adenocarcinoma (intestinal type) is associated with a significant worse survival, an association not seen in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Olfactory neuroblastoma can be distinguished into four unique subgroups by methylation profiling. Methylation of RASSF1 is seen in NUT carcinoma, and significantly higher RASSF1 methylation is found in SMARCB1/INI1-deficient tumours compared to the less aggressive SMARCB1/INI-proficient tumours. Genome-wide methylation profiling in combination with IDH2 mutation status suggests that tumours with undifferentiable SNUC morphology can be classified into for subgroups. Most salivary gland carcinoma subtypes have specific epigenetic signatures. Four of the most common subtypes, adenoid cystic carcinoma (ADCC), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), acinic cell carcinoma (ACC), and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) have all methylation of RASSF1A, two (MEC and ADCC) also of TIMP3 and two (MEC and CXPA) of p16INK4a. A methylation landscape of 20 salivary gland tumours (SGTs) is nowadays available.  \nKeywords Head & neck cancer · Epigenetics · Methylation · Tumour suppressor genes · Clinical implications  \n*  \n1  \n2  \n3  \n4  \n5  \n6  \n7  \nHenrik Hellquist  \n[henrikhellquist@pm.me](henrikhellquist@pm.me)  \nFaculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, Bld. 2, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal  \nAlgarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal  \nDepartment of Cellular Pathology, Northern Lincolnshire and Goole NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, UK  \nChampalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal  \nDepartment of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden  \nPathology Department, Department of Clinical Fundamentals, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain  \nComprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital,  \nFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany  \n8 Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia  \n9 Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil  \n10 Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil  \n11 Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain  \n12 Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy  \n13 University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy  \nIntroduction  \nDuring the last decades a wealth of studies on genetic aspects of","cbCairDOh3ClQ64k","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairDOh3ClQ64k","pdf",608564,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## DNA methylation and CpG islands\n## Hypermethylation, tumour suppressor silencing, and biomarkers","[{\"question\":\"Which epigenetic alteration is most extensively studied in head and neck cancer?\",\"answer\":\"DNA methylation of tumour suppressor genes is the most well-studied epigenetic alteration in head and neck cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"What methylation markers are highlighted as promising in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)?\",\"answer\":\"Methylation of MGMT, DAPK, and CDKN2A is described as promising for prognostic biomarker value in OSCC.\"},{\"question\":\"How do methylation findings differ across sinonasal tumour types?\",\"answer\":\"Methylation of TIMP3 in sinonasal adenocarcinoma (intestinal type) is associated with worse survival, an association not seen in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.\"}]","Epigenetic alterations in head and neck cancer - a brief update | PDF",1790084166,18]