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Younger-onset CRC under age 50 is rising, reflecting accumulating genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in colonic epithelial cells and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes CRC epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention, then focuses on epigenetic regulation via DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs as diagnostic screening tools, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/epigenetic-alteration-in-colorectal-cancer-potential-diagnostic-and-prognostic-implications/330340/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/epigenetic-alteration-in-colorectal-cancer-potential-diagnostic-and-prognostic-implications/330340.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What makes epigenetic regulation important in colorectal cancer development?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"CRC pathogenesis involves genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in normal colonic epithelial cells alongside tumor microenvironment remodeling. Epigenetic regulation is described as a crucial molecular marker connecting genetics with environmental interactions and controlling pathological and physiological processes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which epigenetic mechanisms are reviewed for CRC?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review highlights DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as key components of the latest advancements in epigenetic regulation of CRC.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How could epigenetic changes help clinically in CRC?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Epigenetic developments are presented as potential screening tools, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets, supporting earlier detection and improved clinical decision-making.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},330340,1790090153,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26},8796095360427,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Review  \nEpigenetic Alteration in Colorectal Cancer: Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications  \nQing Cao 1,2, Ye Tian 1,2, Zhiyi Deng 1,2, Fangfang Yang 1,2 and Erfei Chen 1,2,3, *  \nCitation: Cao, Q.; Tian, Y.; Deng, Z.; Yang, F.; Chen, E. Epigenetic Alteration in Colorectal Cancer:  \nPotential Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3358. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms25063358  \nAcademic Editor: Ehsan Gharib  \nReceived: 3 February 2024  \nRevised: 1 March 2024  \nAccepted: 12 March 2024  \nPublished: 15 March 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; [caoqing140508028@163.com](caoqing140508028@163.com) (Q.C.); [tianye_@stumail.nwu.edu.cn](tianye_@stumail.nwu.edu.cn) (Y.T.); [2019113145@stumail.nwu.edu.cn](2019113145@stumail.nwu.edu.cn) (Z.D.); [yangfangfang1212@163.com](yangfangfang1212@163.com) (F.Y.)  \n2 Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China  \n3 School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China  \n* Correspondence: [chenerfei@nwu.edu.cn](chenerfei@nwu.edu.cn)  \nAbstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive system, ranks asthe third and second in global incidence and mortality, respectively, in 2020, with 1.93 million new cases (≈10% of all cancers) . There are 940,000 deaths (≈9.4% of all cancers), and the incidence of CRC in younger patients (under 50 years of age) has become a new trend. The pathogenesis of CRC is primarily attributed to a series of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities within normal colonic epithelial cells, coupled with the reshaping of the tumor microenvironment in the surrounding stroma. This process leads to the transformation of colorectal adenomas into invasive adenocarcinomas. Although genetic changes are known to be the primary driving force in the occurrence and progression of CRC, recent research indicates that epigenetic regulation serves as a crucial molecular marker in cancer, playing a significant role in the pathological and physiological control of interactions between genetics and the environment. This review discusses the current global epidemiology of CRC, its risk factors, and preventive treatment strategies. The current study explores the latest advancements in the epigenetic regulation of CRC, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) . These developments hold potential as screening tools, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for CRC.  \nKeywords: colorectal cancer; epigenetics; methylation; ncRNA; biomarkers  \n1. Introduction  \nColorectal cancer (CRC) characterized by a high molecular heterogeneity, whose main manifestation is a malignant tumor derived from the glandular epithelium of the colon and rectum, poses a significant threat to human health [1] . In 2020, there were 19.29 million new cancer cases and 9.96 million cancer-related deaths globally. Among males, CRC is the third most common cancer following lung and prostate cancer, with 1.07 million new cases (≈10.6% of all cancers) and approximately 520,000 deaths (≈9.3% of all cancers); among females, CRC ranks as the second most common cancer after breast cancer, with 870,000 new cases (≈9.4% of all cancers) and 420,000 deaths (≈9.5% of all cancers) [2] . Additionally, the mortality rate of late-stage CRC patients under the age of 50 increases by 1.3% annually [3] . The incidence of colon cancer varies by up to 9-fold across di","cbCais4P6o9surxl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais4P6o9surxl","pdf",964224,24,"English","# Introduction\n# Epigenetics and CRC overview\n# Epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNAs\n# Diagnostic and prognostic implications\n# Risk factors and prevention strategies","[{\"question\":\"What makes epigenetic regulation important in colorectal cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"CRC pathogenesis involves genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in normal colonic epithelial cells alongside tumor microenvironment remodeling. Epigenetic regulation is described as a crucial molecular marker connecting genetics with environmental interactions and controlling pathological and physiological processes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which epigenetic mechanisms are reviewed for CRC?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as key components of the latest advancements in epigenetic regulation of CRC.\"},{\"question\":\"How could epigenetic changes help clinically in CRC?\",\"answer\":\"Epigenetic developments are presented as potential screening tools, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets, supporting earlier detection and improved clinical decision-making.\"}]","Epigenetic Alteration in Colorectal Cancer - Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications | PDF",1789988281]