[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-109058-en":3,"doc-seo-109058-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},109058,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826",8,"Research & Report","Environmental Tax Reform in North Macedonia - Improving environmental and social outcomes from fuel use - Policy Note - July 2020","Policy Note outlining environmental tax reform in North Macedonia with a focus on how fuel use affects greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and broader environmental damage. The note reviews existing fuel taxation instruments, including excise duties, motor vehicle taxes, VAT, tariffs, subsidies, and related measures, then sets future directions for environmental taxation. It proposes getting prices right and using fiscal instruments aligned with EU guidance, and assesses indicative impacts on energy prices, consumption, revenue, and emissions.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nEnvironmental Tax Reform in North Macedonia  \nImproving environmental and social outcomes from fuel use  \nPolicy Note  \nJuly 2020  \nContents  \nAcknowledgements....................................................................................................................................... 6  \nAbbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ 7  \n1. Executive Summary............................................................................................................................... 8  \n2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 10  \n3. Fuel use and Environmental Damage in North Macedonia ................................................................ 11  \n3.1. Use of fuels ................................................................................................................................. 11  \n3.2. Environmental consequences of fuel use ................................................................................... 13  \n3.2.1. Greenhouse gas emissions.................................................................................................. 13  \n3.2.2. Air pollution ........................................................................................................................ 16  \n3.2.3. Other environmental damages from fuel use..................................................................... 18  \n4. Existing Environmental Fuel Taxation ................................................................................................. 18  \n4.1. Taxes affecting fuel use............................................................................................................... 18  \n4.1.1. Excise duties ........................................................................................................................ 19  \n4.1.2. Motor vehicle taxes ............................................................................................................ 21  \n4.1.3. Value Added Tax ................................................................................................................. 23  \n4.1.4. Tariffs .................................................................................................................................. 23  \n4.2. Subsidies and related measures ................................................................................................. 24  \n4.3. Related instruments.................................................................................................................... 26  \n5. Future direction of Environmental taxation ....................................................................................... 26  \n5.1. Getting prices right ..................................................................................................................... 26  \n5.2. Using fiscal instruments to address environmental issues ......................................................... 27  \n5.3. EU direction on environmental taxation..................................................................................... 30  \n5.4. Environmental taxation in the context of COVID-19 .................................................................. 32  \n6. Environmental taxation in North Macedonia ..................................................................................... 33  \n6.1. Pricing pollution .......................................................................................................................... 33  \n6.1.1. Excise duties ........................................................................................................................ 33  \n6.1.2. Other taxes and subsidies ..................................................................","cbCaidmFHMILe03d","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidmFHMILe03d","pdf",1790946,5,1,67,"English","en",105,"# Executive Summary\n# Introduction\n# Fuel use and Environmental Damage in North Macedonia\n## Use of fuels\n## Environmental consequences of fuel use\n# Existing Environmental Fuel Taxation\n## Taxes affecting fuel use\n## Subsidies and related measures\n## Related instruments\n# Future direction of Environmental taxation\n## Getting prices right\n## Using fiscal instruments to address environmental issues\n## EU direction on environmental taxation\n## Environmental taxation in the context of COVID-19\n# Environmental taxation in North Macedonia\n## Pricing pollution\n## Other policy considerations\n## Indicative impacts from pricing pollution through the excise system\n# List of Policy Findings\n# Next steps","[{\"question\":\"What environmental impacts of fuel use does the policy note 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