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Rao  \nM.A. (Cantab), Ph.D. (Cantab) DIRECTOR GENERAL  \nLeadership through Learning  \nAcknowledgements  \nEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a planning tool generally accepted as an integral component of sound decision-making. EIA is to give the environment its due place in the decision-making process by clearly evaluating the environmental consequences of the proposed activity before action is taken. Early identification and characterization of critical environmental impacts allow the public and the government to form a view about the environmental acceptability of a proposed developmental project and what conditions should apply to mitigate or reduce those risks and impacts.  \nEnvironmental Clearance (EC) for certain developmental projects has been made mandatory by the Ministry of Environment & Forests through its Notification issued on 27.01.1994 under the provisions of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Keeping in view a decade of experience in the Environmental Clearance process and the demands from various stakeholders, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) issued revised Notification on EC process in September 2006 and amended it in December 2009.It was considered necessary by MoEF to make available EIA guidance manuals for each of the development sector.  \nAccordingly, atthe instance of the MoEF, the Administrative Staff College of India, with the assistance of experts, undertook the preparation of sector specific Terms of Reference (TOR) and specific guidance manual for Highways. I wish to thank Mr. J. M. Mauskar, IAS, Additional Secretary, Govt. of India MoEF for his continuing support during the preparation of the manuals. I wish to place on record also my sincere thanks to Dr. B. Sengupta, former Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board and Chairman of the Core Committee for his help in the preparation of the manuals. His suggestions helped us a great deal in improving the technical quality of the manuals. Mr. M. Parabrahmam, Former advisor MoEF and Chairman of the Peer Committee for this project, has given constant guidance to the ASCI project team. His vast experience has been immensely helpful in preparing these manuals. I would like to thank the officials of the Ministry, Dr. Nalini Bhat and Dr. T. Chandini, for coordinating the project from the Ministry side and for providing guidance whenever needed. My thanks are also duetoDr. Bharat Bhushan and Dr. A. Senthil Vel of MoEF for the valuable inputs they had given during our interactions with the officials at Delhi and Hyderabad.  \nI thank Mr. G. K. Anand, Professional Consultant and Mr. G. Bala Subramanyam, Advisor, Environment Area, ASCI, who, drawing on their vast experience in the sector, prepared the EIA guidance manual for the Highways. The efforts put by them are commendable.  \nI would like to thank all the Peer and Core Committee members for having given a valuable feed back in the preparation of the manual. I hope the manuals would prove to be useful to the community at large and to the experts working in this area in particular.  \n26 February, 2010 S.K. Rao  \nADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA Bella Vista, Raj Bhavan Road, Hyderabad-500 082 (India)  \nTel: +91-40-2331-0852, Fax: 2332-1401 Email: [skrao@asci.org.in](skrao@asci.org.in)  \nCONTENTS  \nChapter No. Title Page No  \nForeword  \nAcknowledgements  \nTeam vii  \nCore Committee viii  \nPeer Committee ix  \nAbbreviations x  \nList of Tables xi  \nList of Annexures xii  \nList of Figures xiii  \nAbout The Manual xiv  \nChapter 1 Introduction  \n1.0 Preamble 1  \n1.1 General Information on Highway Projects 1  \n1.2 Environmental Clearance Process 1  \n1.3 Terms of Reference (TOR) 6  \n1.4 Validity of Environmental Clearance 6  \n1.5 Post EC Moni","cbCaiixJh1dNsjsg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiixJh1dNsjsg","pdf",10390235,117,"English","# Chapter 1 Introduction\n## 1.0 Preamble\n## 1.1 General Information on Highway Projects\n## 1.2 Environmental Clearance Process\n## 1.3 Terms of Reference (TOR)\n## 1.4 Validity of Environmental Clearance\n## 1.5 Post EC Monitoring\n## 1.6 Transferability of EC\n## 1.7 Generic Structure of EIA Document\n## 1.8 Identification of Project Proponent\n## 1.9 Brief description of the Project\n## 1.10 Environmental Standards and Code of Practices\n# Chapter 2 Project Description\n## 2.0 General\n## 2.1 Broader Details of the Project and Location\n## 2.2 Activities for Site Preparation\n## 2.3 Summary of Project Details\n## 2.4 Natural Resources\n## 2.5 Man Power Requirement\n## 2.6 Project Implementation Schedule\n# Chapter 3 Analysis of Alternatives\n## 3.0 General\n## 3.1 Consideration of Alternatives\n# Chapter 4 Description of the environment\n## 4.0 General\n## 4.1 Study Area\n## 4.2 Land Environment\n## 4.3 Water Environment\n## 4.4 Air Environment\n## 4.5 Noise Environment\n## 4.6 Biological Environment\n## 4.7 Socio-economic and Health Environment\n# Chapter 5 Analysis of Potential Environmental Impact & Mitigation Measures\n## 5.0 General\n## 5.1 Land Environment\n## 5.2 Water Environment\n## 5.3 Air Environment\n## 5.4 Noise Environment\n## 5.5 Biological Environment\n## 5.6 Socio-economic Environment\n## 5.7 Solid Waste Management\n# Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Programme\n## 6.0 General\n## 6.1 Control Initiatives\n# Chapter 7 Additional Studies\n## 7.0 General\n## 7.1 Items Identified by the Proponent\n## 7.2 Items Identified by the Regulatory Authority\n## 7.3 Items Identified by the Public and Other Stakeholders\n## 7.4 Natural Resource Conservations and Optimization\n## 7.5 R & R Action Plans\n## 7.6 Road Safety Management System\n# Chapter 8 Project Benefits\n## 8.0 General\n# Chapter 9 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis\n## 9.0 General\n# Chapter 10 Environmental Management Plan\n## 10.0 General\n## 10.1 Component of EMP\n## 10.2 Environment Cell\n# Chapter 11 Summary & Conclusions\n## 11.0 General\n# Chapter 12 Disclosure of Consultants Engaged\n## 12.0 General\n# Bibliography\n## Table","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in highway decision-making?\",\"answer\":\"EIA evaluates the environmental consequences of a proposed highway activity before action is taken. 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