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Beyond known risks such as brain irradiation and genetic syndromes, it examines likely contributors including tobacco and exposures with ambiguous evidence. The analysis highlights oxidative stress as a common denominator and urges attention to tumor microenvironment modification to reduce risk through clinical and lifestyle changes.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/environmental-hazards-and-glial-brain-tumors-association-or-causation-review/372619/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/environmental-hazards-and-glial-brain-tumors-association-or-causation-review/372619.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"supergirl","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",9,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the main focus of the review?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The review focuses on how environmental hazards influence glioma formation, with particular emphasis on glioblastomas.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which established factors are mentioned as increasing glioma risk?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The text highlights brain irradiation and several genetic syndromes as established risk factors.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What shared mechanism is emphasized across different environmental exposures?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Oxidative stress is presented as a common denominator across multiple exposure types, while mechanistic details for other factors remain unclear.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},372619,1790631193,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962088121634,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Review  \nEnvironmental Hazards and Glial Brain Tumors: Association or Causation?  \nRobert P. Ostrowski 1,*, Albert Acewicz 2, Zhaohui He 3, Emanuela B. Pucko 1 and Jakub Godlewski 1  \nAcademic Editor: Hyo Eun Moon  \nReceived: 17 June 2025  \nRevised: 29 July 2025  \nAccepted: 30 July 2025  \nPublished: 1 August 2025  \nCitation: Ostrowski, R.P.; Acewicz, A.; He, Z.; Pucko, E.B.; Godlewski, J. Environmental Hazards and Glial Brain Tumors: Association or Causation? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 7425. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms26157425  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Neurooncology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences (MMRI-PAS), 02-106 Warsaw, Poland  \n2 Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland  \n3 Department of Neurosurgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, The Friendship Road of Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China  \n* Correspondence: author: [rostrowski@imdik.pan.pl](rostrowski@imdik.pan.pl); Tel.: +48-22-6086535  \nAbstract  \nProgress in establishing environmental risk factors and, consequently, prophylactic measures for glial tumors, particularly for glioblastomas, is of utmost importance, considering the dismal prognosis and limited treatment options. This report surveyed updates on established and recently identified factors that can predispose a patient to glioma formation while highlighting possible mechanistic links and further research directions. In addition to established factors that increase the risk of glioma, i.e., brain irradiation and several genetic syndromes, another group consists of likely factors contributing to such risks, such as the use of tobacco and those yielding ambiguous results (e.g., UV exposure) . Oxidative stress is a common denominator for several types of exposure, and a mechanistic background for other factors remains elusive. Nevertheless, the analysis of clinical and basic research strongly suggests that, apart from the effect of environmental stressors on DNA alterations and mutation burden, the impact of modifying the tumor microenvironment should be considered. Identifying the involvement of environmental hazards in gliomagenesis and glial tumor progression would lower overall risk by modifying clinical practice, patient management, and lifestyle choices. Further verifying the environmental hazards in glioma formation and progression would have far-reaching implications for neurologists, neurosurgeons, and patients.  \nKeywords: glioma; glioblastoma; risk of glioma; environmental hazards; oxidative stress  \n1. Introduction  \nBrain tumor diagnosis is devastating news, especially if high-grade gliomas are involved, such as in glioblastoma. These gliomas almost universally indicate a patient’s demise within a matter of months [1–4] . Glioma is a collective term denoting neoplasms of glial cell lineage. As a broad term, it comprises neoplasms expressing markers of different types of glia, including astroglia, oligodendroglia, and ependymal glia. The exact identity of the cell population that gives rise to gliomas of a particular type is challenging to pinpoint and still controversial. The existing evidence, however, points to precursor cells in the subventricular zone, oligodendroglial precursors, and subependymal pluripotent cells as the cells of origin for astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas, respectively [5] . Gliomas have been WHO-classified as grades I through IV, reflecting their increasing degree of malignancy. Low-grade gliomas (grades I and II) can be characterized by slow growth and mi","cbCaifTliomyGOKH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifTliomyGOKH","pdf",1508112,25,"English","# Introduction\n## Glioma classification and molecular distinctions\n## Environmental hazards and glioma formation","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on how environmental hazards influence glioma formation, with particular emphasis on glioblastomas.\"},{\"question\":\"Which established factors are mentioned as increasing glioma risk?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights brain irradiation and several genetic syndromes as established risk factors.\"},{\"question\":\"What shared mechanism is emphasized across different environmental exposures?\",\"answer\":\"Oxidative stress is presented as a common denominator across multiple exposure types, while mechanistic details for other factors remain unclear.\"}]","Environmental Hazards and Glial Brain Tumors: Association or Causation - Review | PDF",1790194957,63]