[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-346146-105":59,"doc-detail-346146-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","enoxaparin-induces-apoptosis-and-autophagy-modulates-inflammatory-signaling-and-reduces-oxidative-dna-damage","Enoxaparin induces apoptosis and autophagy - modulates inflammatory signaling and reduces oxidative DNA damage","","Enoxaparin reduces viability in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HepG2 liver cancer cells while sparing non-cancerous HEK-293 cells, and markedly increases apoptosis. The treatment differentially modulates inflammatory signaling: NF-κB is increased in MDA-MB-231 with IL-6 and TNF-α suppression, whereas HepG2 shows no significant inflammatory changes. Enoxaparin elevates LC3 and p62, activating autophagy-related pathways, and significantly lowers extracellular 8-OHdG, indicating reduced oxidative DNA damage.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/enoxaparin-induces-apoptosis-and-autophagy-modulates-inflammatory-signaling-and-reduces-oxidative-dna-damage/346146/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/enoxaparin-induces-apoptosis-and-autophagy-modulates-inflammatory-signaling-and-reduces-oxidative-dna-damage/346146.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Valentina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"How does enoxaparin affect cancer cell viability compared with non-cancerous cells?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Enoxaparin significantly reduces viability in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cancer cells, while not inducing cytotoxicity in HEK-293 non-cancerous cells.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What happens to apoptosis after enoxaparin treatment?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Apoptosis increases markedly in both breast (MDA-MB-231) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines following treatment.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How does enoxaparin influence inflammatory signaling and oxidative DNA damage?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Enoxaparin differentially modulates inflammatory signaling by increasing NF-κB and suppressing IL-6 and TNF-α in MDA-MB-231, with no significant inflammatory changes in HepG2. It also significantly reduces extracellular 8-OHdG, indicating reduced oxidative DNA damage.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},346146,1790112536,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},13056703020460,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253dac470eee5d?_k=1778207105932848923","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nEnoxaparin induces apoptosis and autophagy, modulates inflammatory signaling, and reduces oxidative DNA damage in breast and liver cancer cells  \nSedat Carkit1, Münevver Baran2, Nazmiye Bitgen3,4, Gozde OzgeOnder4,5, DamlaGündüz6 & Arzu Yay4,5  \nCancer progression involves intricate interactions between inflammatory signaling, programmed cell death mechanisms, and oxidative stress. Although enoxaparin is widely used for managing cancerassociated thrombosis, its direct cellular effects on tumor biology remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of enoxaparin on apoptosis, autophagy, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative DNA damage in breast (MDA-MB-231) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines. MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and non-cancerous HEK-293 cells were treated with varying concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/mL) of enoxaparin for 24 and 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, while apoptosis was quantified by TUNEL analysis. Immunofluorescence staining was employed to evaluate the expression of NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, LC3, and p62 . Oxidative DNA damage was determined by measuring extracellular 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels using a competitive ELISA. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the treated and control groups. Enoxaparin significantly reduced cell viability in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells without inducing cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells. Apoptosis was markedly increased in both cancer cell lines following treatment. Enoxaparin differentially modulated inflammatory signaling; NF-κB expression was significantly increased in MDA-MB-231 cells, accompanied by suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α, whereas no significant inflammatory changes were observed in HepG2 cells. Enoxaparin treatment was observed to increase LC3 and p62 expression in both MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells, triggering autophagy-related pathways. Moreover, enoxaparin significantly reduced extracellular 8-OHdG levels, suggesting a reduction in oxidative DNA damage. Enoxaparin exhibits multifaceted anticancer effects by promoting apoptosis and autophagy, selectively modulating inflammatory pathways, and reducing oxidative DNA damage in breast and liver cancer cells.  \nKeywords 8-OHdG, Oxidative DNA damage, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Inflammatory signaling  \nCancer is widely recognized as the second leading cause of mortality worldwide and remains a significant public health challenge. Although biomedical research has expanded rapidly and in great depth, the availability of anticancer therapies that significantly reduce the overall disease burden remains inadequate. This situation underscores the continuing need for treatment strategies that are both more effective and grounded in contemporary insights into cancer biology, supported by advanced technological approaches1,2. The core objective of anticancer therapy is to eliminate malignant cells as selectively as possible while minimizing injury to normal tissues. In practice, conventional chemotherapeutic agents do not sufficiently discriminate between  \n1Department of General Surgery, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey. 2Department of Basic Sciences, Erciyes University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kayseri, Turkey. 3Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey. 4Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.  \n5Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey. 6Department of Histology and Embryology, Malatya Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey. email:  \n[sedatcarkit@erciyes.edu.tr](sedatcarkit@erciyes.edu.tr); [opdrsedatcarkit@gmail.com](opdrsedatcarkit@gmail.com); [gozdeozgekorkmaz@hotmail.com](gozdeozgekorkmaz@hotmail.com)  \n[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nmalignant and healthy cells, resulting in limi","cbCaieMhenRdxV1J","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieMhenRdxV1J","pdf",2448943,13,"English","# Experimental design\n## Cell lines and enoxaparin treatment\n## Viability, apoptosis, and protein expression assays\n## Oxidative DNA damage measurement\n# Key findings\n## Effects on cell viability and apoptosis\n## Modulation of inflammatory signaling\n## Activation of autophagy pathways\n## Reduction of oxidative DNA damage","[{\"question\":\"How does enoxaparin affect cancer cell viability compared with non-cancerous cells?\",\"answer\":\"Enoxaparin significantly reduces viability in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cancer cells, while not inducing cytotoxicity in HEK-293 non-cancerous cells.\"},{\"question\":\"What happens to apoptosis after enoxaparin treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Apoptosis increases markedly in both breast (MDA-MB-231) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines following treatment.\"},{\"question\":\"How does enoxaparin influence inflammatory signaling and oxidative DNA damage?\",\"answer\":\"Enoxaparin differentially modulates inflammatory signaling by increasing NF-κB and suppressing IL-6 and TNF-α in MDA-MB-231, with no significant inflammatory changes in HepG2. It also significantly reduces extracellular 8-OHdG, indicating reduced oxidative DNA damage.\"}]","Enoxaparin induces apoptosis and autophagy - modulates inflammatory signaling and reduces oxidative DNA damage | PDF",1790060235,33]