[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-133228-en":3,"doc-seo-133228-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":96},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},133228,1099514067415,"Rowan","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502",8,"Research & Report","Enhancing Coral Reef Restoration through Biomimetic 3D-Printed Structures - A BACI-Based Longitudinal Assessment","Coral reefs are biologically rich ecosystems essential for biodiversity conservation and coastal protection, but they face mounting threats from climate change, ocean acidification, and harmful human activities. This research tests biomimetic, biocompatible 3D-printed reef structures against traditional approaches to improve restoration outcomes. A quantitative BACI experimental design with 12-month longitudinal monitoring evaluates larval adhesion, linear coral growth, and biodiversity using the Shannon–Wiener index, showing statistically superior results. Higher-porosity structures better support colonization and long-term resilience.","Enhancing Coral Reef Restoration through Biomimetic 3D-Printed Structures: A BACI-Based Longitudinal  \nAssessment  \nWahyuni Wahyuni1, Andri Sahata Sitanggang 1* , Novrini Hasti1, Imelda Pangaribuan2, R Fenny Syafariani 1, Nizar Rabbi Radliya1, Sussy Susanti3, Febilta Wulan Sari4, and Viki Quikly Wahyudi 1  \n1 Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Universitas Komputer Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia  \n2 Informatics Management, Universitas Komputer indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia  \n3 Economics, STIE Ekuitas, Bandung, Indonesia  \n4 Legal Studies, Universitas Komputer indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia  \n*[andri.sahata@email.unikom.ac.id](andri.sahata@email.unikom.ac.id)  \nAbstract. Coral reefs represent some of the most intricate and biologically rich marine ecosystems, fulfilling a pivotal role in the conservation of biodiversity and the protection of coastal environments. Nevertheless, these vital ecosystems are increasingly endangered by the impacts of climate change, the phenomenon of ocean acidification, and deleterious anthropogenic interventions. This research endeavors to evaluate the efficacy of biomimetic, biocompatible 3D-printed reef structures in enhancing restoration outcomes in comparison to traditional methodologies. A quantitative experimental framework utilizing the BeforeAfter Control-Impact (BACI) model was executed, supplemented by a longitudinal monitoring program spanning 12 months. Critical performance metrics encompassed larval adhesion rates, annual linear growth extensions, and biodiversity assessments as indicated by the Shannon–Wiener index. The findings indicate that geopolymer-based 3D- printed substrates resulted in a 78.5% augmentation in larval settlement, coral growth rates reaching up to 4.8 cm/year, and an increase in the biodiversity index from 1.8 to 3.1, all of which were statistically superior to the control group. Structures characterized by elevated porosity demonstrated enhanced efficacy in facilitating colonization and fostering long-term ecological resilience. These results corroborate habitat complexity theory within the domain of restoration ecology and offer pragmatic recommendations for the application of additive manufacturing technologies to realize sustainable restoration of tropical coral reefs.  \nKeywords: Coral reef restoration, biomimetic design, 3D printing, BACI  \ndesign, biodiversity enhancement.  \n© The Author(s) 2025  \nL. Warlina and S. Luckyardi (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Informatics, Engineering, Science & Technology (INCITEST 2025), Advances in Engineering Research 287, [https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-924-7_18](https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-924-7_18)  \n1 Introduction  \nCoral reefs represent one of the most complex and biologically diverse marine ecosystems, playing a critical role in the preservation of global biodiversity and the protection of coastal regions. These ecosystems provide habitats for over 25% of marine species, deliver ecosystem services valued in the hundreds of billions of dollars annually, and act as natural buffers against erosion and storm surges [1 , 2]. Their importance also extends to supporting the livelihoods of approximately 500 million people worldwide through fisheries and marine tourism, making their protection and restoration essential in the Anthropocene era [3].  \nPrior studies have drawn attention to both the barriers and the chances connected to the protection of coral reefs. Conventional restoration methods, encompassing coral relocation and the implementation of artificial reefs, have been widely used; yet, they commonly reveal constraints in scalability and deliver inadequate biodiversity results [4]. The latest developmentsin additive manufacturing, notably with three-dimensional (3D) printing, showcase an incredible approach. Empirical studies have illustrated how 3D printing enables the fabrication of intricate, biomimetic structures that enhance larval settlement and foster ecologi","cbCaidHnpjUmrRSe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidHnpjUmrRSe","pdf",660916,4,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Objective and Method Overview","[{\"question\":\"What is the main research goal of this study on coral reef restoration?\",\"answer\":\"To evaluate whether biomimetic, biocompatible 3D-printed reef structures improve coral restoration outcomes compared with conventional methods, focusing on larval adhesion, coral linear growth, and biodiversity changes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which experimental design and monitoring duration were used?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses a Before–After Control-Impact (BACI) quantitative framework with a longitudinal monitoring program lasting 12 months.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the performance metrics and biodiversity assessed?\",\"answer\":\"Larval adhesion rates, annual linear growth extensions, and biodiversity were measured, with biodiversity quantified using the Shannon–Wiener index.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the results show about geopolymer-based and high-porosity substrates?\",\"answer\":\"Geopolymer-based 3D-printed substrates produced a 78.5% increase in larval settlement, coral growth up to 4.8 cm/year, and a biodiversity index rise from 1.8 to 3.1, with higher porosity improving colonization and long-term ecological resilience.\"}]","Enhancing Coral Reef Restoration through Biomimetic 3D-Printed Structures - A BACI-Based Longitudinal Assessment | PDF",1787215947,28,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":91,"head_meta":93,"extra_data":95,"updated_unix":29},"enhancing-coral-reef-restoration-through-biomimetic-3d-printed-structures-a-baci-based-longitudinal-assessment","",{"@graph":37,"@context":90},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/enhancing-coral-reef-restoration-through-biomimetic-3d-printed-structures-a-baci-based-longitudinal-assessment/133228/",{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-25","2026-08-20",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82,86],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What is the main research goal of this study on coral reef restoration?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"To evaluate whether biomimetic, biocompatible 3D-printed reef structures improve coral restoration outcomes compared with conventional methods, focusing on larval adhesion, coral linear growth, and biodiversity changes.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"Which experimental design and monitoring duration were used?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"The study uses a Before–After Control-Impact (BACI) quantitative framework with a longitudinal monitoring program lasting 12 months.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How were the performance metrics and biodiversity assessed?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Larval adhesion rates, annual linear growth extensions, and biodiversity were measured, with biodiversity quantified using the Shannon–Wiener index.",{"name":87,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":88},"What did the results show about geopolymer-based and high-porosity substrates?",{"text":89,"@type":77},"Geopolymer-based 3D-printed substrates produced a 78.5% increase in larval settlement, coral growth up to 4.8 cm/year, and a biodiversity index rise from 1.8 to 3.1, with higher porosity improving colonization and long-term ecological resilience.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":92,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":94,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":97},[98,102,106,110,115,120,125,128,133,136,140],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":121,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":122,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":124},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},30,"research-report",{"id":129,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":132},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":135},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":137,"slug":139},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":141,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":142,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":143},19,"General","general"]