[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-461440-105":59,"doc-detail-461440-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","enhanced-imaging-of-ocular-surface-lesions-review-update","Enhanced Imaging of Ocular Surface Lesions - Review Update","","Ocular surface lesions comprise a broad set of benign, pre-malignant, and malignant pathologies that can be difficult to diagnose clinically because symptoms may be subtle, overlap, or coexist. Anterior segment imaging with AS-OCT, OCTA, UBM, and in vivo confocal microscopy supplies valuable adjunct information for diagnosing, guiding management, and tracking disease over time. This review updates principles, clinical use, benefits, constraints, and recent advances, including artificial-intelligence interpretation and expanded modality applications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/enhanced-imaging-of-ocular-surface-lesions-review-update/461440/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/enhanced-imaging-of-ocular-surface-lesions-review-update/461440.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Alexandar","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are ocular surface lesions challenging to diagnose clinically?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They may be subtle, show similar clinical features across different pathologies, or coexist with other ocular surface diseases, which complicates accurate diagnosis and monitoring.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which anterior segment imaging modalities are covered in the review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review focuses on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is emphasized about AS-OCT technology in the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It explains AS-OCT as a non-contact, high-resolution imaging modality using low-coherence interferometry, and contrasts time-domain with spectral-domain and swept-source platforms in terms of resolution and acquisition speed.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},461440,1791043329,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090768658,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Review  \nEnhanced Imaging of Ocular Surface Lesions  \nWisam O. Najdawi 1, William R. Herskowitz 1, Diego E. Alba 1, Omar Badla 1, Pragat J. Muthu 1, Anat Galor 1,2 and Carol L. Karp 1, *  \nAcademic Editor: Yoshihiro Takamura  \nReceived: 17 November 2025  \nRevised: 19 December 2025  \nAccepted: 25 December 2025  \nPublished: 30 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; [agalor@med.miami.edu](agalor@med.miami.edu) (A.G.)  \n2 Department of Ophthalmology, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA  \n* Correspondence: [ckarp@med.miami.edu](ckarp@med.miami.edu)  \nAbstract  \nOcular surface lesions represent a diverse group of pathologies which may be challenging to diagnose clinically. Anterior segment imaging—including anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM)—provides valuable adjunct information for the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of these lesions. The present review aims to provide an update on the principles, current clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and recent advancements in the imaging modalities used for the evaluation of ocular surface lesions. Notable recent advancements include the application of artificial intelligence in the interpretation of AS-OCT, intraoperative use of AS-OCT, the development of three-dimensional UBM, and expanded applications of each modality for a variety of ocular surface lesions.  \nKeywords: high-resolution optical coherence tomography; AS-OCT; optical coherence tomography angiography; OCTA; ultrasound biomicroscopy; UBM; in vivo confocal microscopy; IVCM  \n1. Introduction  \nOcular surface lesions encompass a diverse range of benign, pre-malignant, and malignant pathologies. While often obvious, they may be subtle, present with similar clinical features, or coexist with other ocular surface diseases [1] . This reality can present a challenge for the diagnosis and monitoring of ocular surface pathologies, even among experienced clinicians. As such, anterior segment imaging modalities are valuable adjunctsto complement clinical examination and histopathological analysis. Recent advancementsin these technologies have provided unprecedented levels of detail and insight into these lesions that were only previously attainable with histology.  \nThe purpose of the present review is to provide an update on the principles, current clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and recent advancements in anterior segment imaging modalities used in the evaluation of ocular surface lesions. The imaging modalities discussed include anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Of note, while the utility of high-quality clinical photographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation and monitoring of ocular pathologies cannot be understated, these imaging modalities are beyond the scope of this review and will not be discussed.  \n2. Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography  \n2.1. Background  \nAS-OCT is a powerful, non-contact imaging modality that can produce high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the anterior structures of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, anterior chamber, and iris [2] . AS-OCT utilizes the principle of low-coherence interferometry, enabling reconstruction of detailed images of the anterior segment. Early devices used the time domain (TD) platform, which uses broadband light and a reference mirror moving in a linear fashion to produce A-scans that are co","cbCaisLC4iO24poC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisLC4iO24poC","pdf",2071897,23,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography\n### Background","[{\"question\":\"Why are ocular surface lesions challenging to diagnose clinically?\",\"answer\":\"They may be subtle, show similar clinical features across different pathologies, or coexist with other ocular surface diseases, which complicates accurate diagnosis and monitoring.\"},{\"question\":\"Which anterior segment imaging modalities are covered in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).\"},{\"question\":\"What is emphasized about AS-OCT technology in the review?\",\"answer\":\"It explains AS-OCT as a non-contact, high-resolution imaging modality using low-coherence interferometry, and contrasts time-domain with spectral-domain and swept-source platforms in terms of resolution and acquisition speed.\"}]","Enhanced Imaging of Ocular Surface Lesions - Review Update | PDF",1790761621,58]