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Leaks commonly follow surgery, perforations often result from flexible endoscopic maneuvers, and fistula formation reflects a range of causes and disease states. Endoscopic therapy aims to stop luminal content flow across the defect, guided by closure approach, defect size and location, and surrounding tissue viability, with multidisciplinary care and evolving device-based strategies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/endoscopic-management-for-gastrointestinal-leaks-perforations-and-fistulae-technical-tips-and-outcomes/406468/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/endoscopic-management-for-gastrointestinal-leaks-perforations-and-fistulae-technical-tips-and-outcomes/406468.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How are gastrointestinal defects classified in the review?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They are classified into three distinct entities: leak, perforation, and fistula. Each category arises from different mechanisms and is managed accordingly.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What is the main goal of endoscopic therapy for these defects?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The primary goal is to interrupt the flow of luminal contents across a GI defect using appropriate endoscopic closure approaches.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What factors influence outcomes after endoscopic management?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Outcomes depend on the size and exact location of the leak or fistula and the viability of the surrounding tissue. 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Each arises from different mechanisms and is managed accordingly. Leaks occur most often after surgery, while perforations arise due to flexible endoscopic maneuvers. Fistulae arise from a variety of mechanisms,  \n WJGE  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 1 December 16, 2025  Volume 17  Issue 12   \nBirda CL et al. Endoscopic management of leaks, perforation, fistulae  \nincluding specific disease states. Endoscopic management is vital in treating such defects if the region of interest can be accessed with the appropriate endoscopic accessories. The primary goal of endoscopic therapy is to interrupt the flow of luminal contents across a GI defect. Considering the proper endoscopic approach to luminal closure, several basic principles must be considered. Outcomes are dependent on the size and exact location of the leak/fistula, as well as the viability of the surrounding tissue. Almost all complex leaks and fistulae must be approached in a multidisciplinary manner, collaborating with colleagues in nutrition,","cbCaiol96ia3g2yy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiol96ia3g2yy","pdf",27397956,22,"English","# Abstract\n## Core Tip\n## Citation and Publication Details","[{\"question\":\"How are gastrointestinal defects classified in the review?\",\"answer\":\"They are classified into three distinct entities: leak, perforation, and fistula. Each category arises from different mechanisms and is managed accordingly.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of endoscopic therapy for these defects?\",\"answer\":\"The primary goal is to interrupt the flow of luminal contents across a GI defect using appropriate endoscopic closure approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors influence outcomes after endoscopic management?\",\"answer\":\"Outcomes depend on the size and exact location of the leak or fistula and the viability of the surrounding tissue. Multidisciplinary collaboration is emphasized for complex cases.\"}]","Endoscopic management for gastrointestinal leaks, perforations, and fistulae - Technical tips and outcomes | PDF",1790565863,55]