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Epidemiological causes emphasized include obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), metabolic dysfunction, and prolonged exposure to unopposed estrogen. Diagnosis integrates imaging, histology, and often molecular markers due to frequent nonspecific symptoms such as irregular uterine bleeding. Management options include surgical intervention or progestin therapy, selected by lesion complexity and patient history, including fertility needs. 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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK; [l.galani22@imperial.ac.uk](l.galani22@imperial.ac.uk) (A.G.); [m.paraskevaidi@imperial.ac.uk](m.paraskevaidi@imperial.ac.uk) (M.P.); [deirdre.lyons2@nhs.net](deirdre.lyons2@nhs.net) (D.L.); [s.maneta-stavrakaki17@imperial.ac.uk](s.maneta-stavrakaki17@imperial.ac.uk) (S.M.-S.); [m.kyrgiou@imperial.ac.uk](m.kyrgiou@imperial.ac.uk) (M.K.)  \n2 Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece  \n3 Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 4th kilometer National Highway Str. Ioannina-Athens, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; [ef.moustakli@uoi.gr](ef.moustakli@uoi.gr)  \n4 Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust Lowes Brg, Torquay TQ2 7AA, UK; [thanzik92@gmail.com](thanzik92@gmail.com)  \n5 Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; [isanagnostaki3@gmail.com](isanagnostaki3@gmail.com)  \n6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Lamia, 35100 Lamia, Greece; [zaxarisk@yahoo.com](zaxarisk@yahoo.com)  \n7 First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; [thomakir@hotmail.com](thomakir@hotmail.com) (N.T.); [kdomali@yahoo.fr](kdomali@yahoo.fr) (E.D.)  \n* Correspondence: [sfstavrou@med.uoa.gr](sfstavrou@med.uoa.gr) (S.S.); [apotiris@med.uoa.gr](apotiris@med.uoa.gr) (A.P.)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nSimple Summary  \nEndometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a condition where the lining of the uterus grows too much, sometimes leading to endometrial cancer if not treated. Common risk factors include obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic problems, and long-term exposure to estrogen without progesterone. EH can cause symptoms like irregular bleeding, but sometimes it is found by chance. Diagnosis usually combines imaging, tissue sampling, and sometimes molecular tests. Treatment can involve hormonal therapy with progestins or surgery, depending on how severe the condition is and whether the patient wants to keep fertility. New research using molecular profiling is helping doctors personalize treatment and better predict which cases might progress to cancer. Understanding risk factors, early diagnosis, and individualized care are key to preventing endometrial cancer and improving patient outcomes.  \nAbstract  \nEndometrial hyperplasia (EH) comprises a spectrum of abnormal proliferative changes in the endometrium, ranging from benign glandular overgrowth to lesions with substantial malignant potential. The importance of risk stratification and early identification is highlighted by the growing recognition of EH as a precursor to endometrial cancer. The main causes of EH, according to epidemiological research, include obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), metabolic dysfunction, and extended exposure to unopposed estrogen. Emerging molecular markers, histological analysis, and imaging are all necessary for a proper diagnosis of EH because it mig","cbCaiaYusqu0GAmv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaYusqu0GAmv","pdf",376280,"English","# Introduction\n## Scope and histological spectrum of EH\n## Terminology and malignant potential (hyperplasia without atypia, AH, EIN)","[{\"question\":\"What does endometrial hyperplasia (EH) include according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"EH encompasses a spectrum of abnormal endometrial proliferative changes, including hyperplasia without atypia and premalignant lesions such as atypical hyperplasia (AH) and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN).\"},{\"question\":\"Which risk factors are highlighted as main causes of EH?\",\"answer\":\"Key epidemiological causes include obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), metabolic dysfunction, and extended exposure to unopposed estrogen. The review also notes metabolic and hormonal imbalance-related pathways.\"},{\"question\":\"How is EH typically diagnosed and managed?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnosis usually combines imaging and tissue sampling, with molecular tests sometimes used. Management may involve progestin therapy or surgical intervention, depending on lesion intricacy and the patient’s medical history, including fertility considerations.\"}]","Endometrial Hyperplasia: Current Insights into Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Management | PDF",1790775008,48]