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The study develops the Chatbot Compassion Quotient (CCQ) using nine scenario-based prompts drawn from psychology to assess compassion during difficult conversations. ChatGPT and Claude responses are compared with healthcare professionals’ responses, while participants also guess which replies are AI-generated. Findings show AI-generated responses rated more empathetic than human replies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/empathy-ai-in-healthcare/407632/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/empathy-ai-in-healthcare/407632.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"วิน","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the Chatbot Compassion Quotient (CCQ)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"CCQ is an evaluation tool created to measure empathy in chatbot responses. It uses nine prompts to assess compassion across multiple capacities and scenarios.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the study compare AI responses with human responses?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Participants evaluated multiple responses across nine scenarios and rated them on a 5-point Likert empathy scale. Responses were generated by ChatGPT, Claude, or healthcare professionals and were labeled randomly for evaluation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main results about empathy ratings?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Participants rated ChatGPT and Claude responses as more empathetic than human responses, with comparable aggregate scores for ChatGPT and Claude. 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H. Hatem, Hodeidah University, Yemen  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nKarishma Muthukumar  \n [karishmuthu@gmail.com](karishmuthu@gmail.com)  \nRECEIVED 06 August 2025  \nREVISED 23 November 2025  \nACCEPTED 24 November 2025  \nPUBLISHED 17 December 2025  \nCITATION  \nMuthukumar K (2025) Empathy AI in healthcare.  \nFront. Psychol. 16:1680552 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1680552  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Muthukumar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nEmpathy AI in healthcare  \nKarishma Muthukumar *  \nUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom  \nIntroduction: AI is changing healthcare and potentially even how humans interpret and express empathy. Patients and healthcare professionals are consulting AI for medical concerns, so it is critical to identify when AI expressions of empathy are helpful versus harmful. Whether or not AI is considered genuinely empathetic, the common goal is to improve AI outputs as well as healthcare outcomes. The paper explores how generative AI can impact care in a digital future.  \nMethods: We develop a tool for evaluating empathy called the Chatbot Compassion Quotient, or CCQ. We created a set of nine prompts, assessing compassion in various capacities, including delivering difficult news and alleviating frustration, based on the psychology literature. We compare ChatGPT and Claude-generated responses with responses from healthcare professionals. Participants also guessed which of the responses was AI-generated versus human-generated. In this corollary to the Turing test, the central question “can machines think?” became “can machines demonstrate compassion?” Thirty participants rated 3 responses to 9 scenarios on a 5-point Likert scale of 1 (not at all compassionate) to 5 (very compassionate) . Responses corresponded to either ChatGPT, human, or Claude-generated results and were labeled A, B, and C in random order. After rating on the compassion scale, participants were asked to identify which, between two options, was AI-generated.  \nResults: Results indicated that participants considered responses from ChatGPT (aggregate score: 4.1 out of 5) and Claude (aggregate score: 4.1 out of 5) more empathetic than human (aggregate score: 2.6 out of 5) responses, with length being a potential factor impacting evaluations. Longer responses were typically rated as more compassionate. The scores for ChatGPT and Claude were comparable. Responses that appeared most obviously AI-generated performed well compared to human responses. High-scoring responses were action-oriented with multiple forms of social support.  \nConclusion: The study highlights the promise of human-machine synergy in healthcare. AI may alleviate fatigue and burnout in the medical field, contributing thorough responses that offer insight into patient-centered care. Further research can build on these preliminary findings to evaluate and improve expressions of empathy in AI.  \nKEYWORDS  \nEmpathy, human-machine interaction, AI in healthcare, AI in medicine, conversational AI, empathic AI, chatbot evaluation  \nIntroduction  \nComputational technologies are changing healthcare practices and potentially even how humans interpret empathy. The motivation for this research is to evaluate whether and, if applicable, to what extent AI can show elements of empathy. Groundbreaking advancementsin cognitive ","cbCaiphsXmOSSC9C","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiphsXmOSSC9C","pdf",1130759,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Measuring empathy in healthcare\n## Defining empathy in clinical settings\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What is the Chatbot Compassion Quotient (CCQ)?\",\"answer\":\"CCQ is an evaluation tool created to measure empathy in chatbot responses. It uses nine prompts to assess compassion across multiple capacities and scenarios.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the study compare AI responses with human responses?\",\"answer\":\"Participants evaluated multiple responses across nine scenarios and rated them on a 5-point Likert empathy scale. Responses were generated by ChatGPT, Claude, or healthcare professionals and were labeled randomly for evaluation.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main results about empathy ratings?\",\"answer\":\"Participants rated ChatGPT and Claude responses as more empathetic than human responses, with comparable aggregate scores for ChatGPT and Claude. Longer responses were often rated as more compassionate, and high-performing replies tended to be action-oriented with social support.\"}]","Empathy AI in healthcare | PDF",1790575254]