[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-42842-en":3,"doc-seo-42842-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},42842,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1782109480056885918",8,"Research & Report","Eminent Scientists Reject the Supernatural: A Survey of the Fellows of the Royal Society","Surveying Fellows of the Royal Society of London, the study examines attitudes toward religion across personal God, supernatural entities, survival of consciousness after death, and the non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA) framework. Most respondents strongly oppose belief in a personal God, the existence of a supernatural entity, and survival of death, while NOMA shows no clear consensus. Childhood religious upbringing and age are not significant predictors, but scientific discipline has a small yet significant effect: biological scientists report lower religiosity than physical scientists and perceive greater conflict between science and religion.","Stirrat and Cornwell Evolution: Education and Outreach 2013, 6:33  \n[http://www.evolution-outreach.com/content/6/1/33](http://www.evolution-outreach.com/content/6/1/33)  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access   \nEminent scientists reject the supernatural: a survey of the Fellows of the Royal Society  \nMichael Stirrat 1* and R Elisabeth Cornwell2  \nAbstract  \nFellows of the Royal Society of London were invited to participate in a survey of attitudes toward religion. They were asked about their beliefs in a personal God, the existence of a supernatural entity, consciousness surviving death, and whether religion and science occupy non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA) . Overwhelmingly the majority of Fellows affirmed strong opposition to the belief in a personal god, to the existence of a supernatural entity and to survival of death. On ‘NOMA’, the majority of Fellows indicated neither a strong disagreement nor strong agreement. We also found that while (surprisingly) childhood religious upbringing and age were not significantly related to current attitudes toward religion, scientific discipline played a small but significant influence: biological scientists are even less likely to be religious than physical scientists and were more likely to perceive conflict between science and religion.  \nKeywords: Religion and science; NOMA  \nBackground  \nIn the USA, while around 16% of the general population report no religious affiliation approximately 95% believe in God or some higher power (Gallup & Lindsay 1999);(Lugo et al 2008). US scientists, however, are substantially less likely to hold belief in the supernatural (Larson and Witham 1997; Leuba 1916). Interestingly, this difference is far more evident among distinguished scientists: Larson and Witham (1998) found that 92% of the members of the National Academy of Sciences reject a belief in God or higher power. Religiosity in Great Britain is less robust than in the US, with polls reporting only 42% believing in a personal God and 52% believing that God or some higher power had a hand in creating the universe (ICM Research 2005) . What about British scientists? One thousand and seventy-four Fellows of the Royal Society of London were invited to participate in a survey of attitudes toward religion; 248 Fellows replied. They were asked about their beliefs in a personal God, the existence of a supernatural entity, consciousness surviving death, and whether religion and science occupy non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA) . Overwhelmingly, the majority of Fellows affirmed strong opposition to the belief in a personal god, to the existence of a  \n* [Correspondence: michael@explainingbehaviour.com](Correspondence: michael@explainingbehaviour.com)  \n1University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \nsupernatural entity, and to consciousness after death. With regard to ‘NOMA,’ there was no consensus among the Fellows as to whether science and religion are in conflict. We also found that while (surprisingly) childhood religious upbringing and age were not significantly related to current attitudes toward religion, scientific discipline played a small but significant influence: biological scientists are even less likely to be religious than physical scientists. This may be because biology currently bears the brunt of religious interference in science: for example, evolution, stem-cell research, and cloning have been targeted recently by religious activists. However, this suggested explanation does not explain the lack of consensus upon whether science and religion can coexist without conflict. To our knowledge, whether scientists perceive conflict with religion has not previously been explored among top scientists and the differences in perceptions reported here between the biological and physical sciences suggest that religious ideas are more in conflict with biology than other sciences.  \nMethods  \nAll Fellows of the Royal Society with an","cbCaicUe8jBBTOeJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicUe8jBBTOeJ","pdf",386207,6,1,5,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Background\n# Methods\n## Survey statements\n## Likert scale and additional variables","[{\"question\":\"Who participated in the survey and how were they recruited?\",\"answer\":\"All Fellows of the Royal Society with an active e-mail address were invited to complete a brief online survey through a link on the authors’ website, which stayed open for 14 days.\"},{\"question\":\"Which beliefs were measured in the survey?\",\"answer\":\"Participants indicated agreement with statements about a personal God, belief in a supernatural entity, whether consciousness survives physical death, and whether science and religion occupy non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA).\"},{\"question\":\"What factors influenced current attitudes toward religion?\",\"answer\":\"Childhood religious upbringing and age were not significantly related to current attitudes, while scientific discipline had a small but significant influence: biological scientists were less likely to be religious than physical scientists and more likely to perceive conflict between science and 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participated in the survey and how were they recruited?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"All Fellows of the Royal Society with an active e-mail address were invited to complete a brief online survey through a link on the authors’ website, which stayed open for 14 days.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"Which beliefs were measured in the survey?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Participants indicated agreement with statements about a personal God, belief in a supernatural entity, whether consciousness survives physical death, and whether science and religion occupy non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA).",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What factors influenced current attitudes toward religion?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Childhood religious upbringing and age were not significantly related to current attitudes, while scientific discipline had a small but significant influence: biological scientists were less likely to be religious than physical scientists and more 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