[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-461404-105":59,"doc-detail-461404-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","emerging-oculomic-signatures-linking-thickness-of-entire-retinal-layers-with-plasma-biomarkers-in-preclinical-alzheimers-disease","Emerging Oculomic Signatures: Linking Thickness of Entire Retinal Layers with Plasma Biomarkers in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease","","Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia, and detecting it early in the preclinical stage may enable timely intervention and reduce modifiable risks. This pilot study links retinal layer thickness changes, measured by spectral-domain OCT across the full retina, to plasma Alzheimer’s biomarkers in cognitively healthy older adults at risk. Eleven individuals (20 eyes) were classified using plasma β-amyloid Aβ42/40 ratio, with retinal layers segmented by deep learning. Ridge regression with bootstrapping assessed relationships. PR-IS thinning showed the strongest association with neurofilament light chain, alongside layer-specific changes related to GFAP and p-tau variants. Larger longitudinal cohorts are required to validate the findings.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/emerging-oculomic-signatures-linking-thickness-of-entire-retinal-layers-with-plasma-biomarkers-in-preclinical-alzheimers-disease/461404/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/emerging-oculomic-signatures-linking-thickness-of-entire-retinal-layers-with-plasma-biomarkers-in-preclinical-alzheimers-disease/461404.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Well Done","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the goal of this pilot study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To identify retinal layer thickness changes across the entire retina that are linked to plasma Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in cognitively healthy elderly individuals at risk for preclinical AD.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were participants classified into the pre-AD stage?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Participants were classified using a plasma β-amyloid (Aβ)42/40 ratio \u003C 0.10, and then underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which retinal layer showed the strongest association with plasma biomarkers?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Photoreceptor inner segment (PR-IS) thinning had the largest size effect with neurofilament light chain.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},461404,1790791048,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},5909892210082,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/56001069da27c9f41e8?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789614185077863061","Article  \nEmerging Oculomic Signatures: Linking Thickness of Entire Retinal Layers with Plasma Biomarkers in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease  \nIbrahim Abboud 1,†, Emily Xu 1,†, Sophia Xu 1, Aya Alhasany 1, Ziyuan Wang 1, Xiaomeng Wu 2, Natalie Astraea 2, Fei Jiang 3, Zhihong Jewel Hu 1, * and Jane W. Chan 4  \nAcademic Editors: Fabio Scarinci and Giulio Pocobelli  \nReceived: 10 November 2025  \nRevised: 15 December 2025  \nAccepted: 20 December 2025  \nPublished: 30 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Doheny Image Analysis Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, 150 N. Orange Grove Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91103, USA; [iabboud@doheny.org](iabboud@doheny.org) (I.A.)  \n2 Analytical Biochemistry Core Laboratory, Huntington Medical Research Institute, 686 S. Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA; [xiaomeng.wu@hmri.org](xiaomeng.wu@hmri.org) (X.W.); [natalie.astraea@hmri.org](natalie.astraea@hmri.org) (N.A.)  \n3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 50 16th Street, \\#2538, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA  \n4 Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza Driveway, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA  \n* [Correspondence: jhu@doheny.org](Correspondence: jhu@doheny.org)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract  \nBackground/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, which is an inevitable consequence of aging. Early detection of AD, or detection during the preAD stage, is beneficial, as it enables timely intervention to reduce modifiable risk factors, which may help prevent or delay the progression to dementia. On the one hand, plasma biomarkers have demonstrated great promise in predicting cognitive decline. On the other hand, in recent years, ocular imaging features, particularly the thickness of retinal layers measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), are emerging as possible non-invasive, non-contact surrogate markers for early detection and monitoring of neurodegeneration. This pilot study aims to identify retinal layer thickness changes across the entire retina linked to plasma AD biomarkers in cognitively healthy (CH) elderly individuals at risk for AD. Methods: Eleven CH individuals (20 eyes total) were classified in the pre-AD stage by plasma β-amyloid (Aβ)42/40 ratio \u003C 0.10 and underwent SD-OCT. A deep-learning-derived automated algorithm was used to segment retinal layers on OCT (with manual correction when needed) . Multiple layer thicknesses throughout the entire retina (including the inner retina, the outer retina, and the choroid) were measured in the inner ring (1–3 mm) and outer ring (3–6 mm) of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) . Relationships between retinal layers and plasma biomarkers were analyzed by ridge regression/bootstrapping. Results: Results showed that photoreceptor inner segment (PR-IS) thinning had the largest size effect with neurofilament light chain. Additional findings revealed thinning or thickening of the other retinal layers in association with increasing levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 and 217 (p-tau181 and p-tau217) . Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that retinal layer-specific signatures exist, with PR-IS thinning as the largest effect, indicating neurodegeneration in pre-AD. Further research is needed to confirm the findings of this pilot study using larger longitudinal pre-AD cohorts and comparative analyses with healthy aging adults.  \nKeywords: pre-Alzheimer’s disease; photoreceptor inner segment thinning; inner retina; outer retina; choroid; non-invasive; non-contact; surrogate markers; plasma p-tau217; plasma p-tau181; plasma neurofilament light chain; plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein; p","cbCaickllagyBWGf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaickllagyBWGf","pdf",686028,12,"English","# Abstract\n## Background/Objectives\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the goal of this pilot study?\",\"answer\":\"To identify retinal layer thickness changes across the entire retina that are linked to plasma Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in cognitively healthy elderly individuals at risk for preclinical AD.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants classified into the pre-AD stage?\",\"answer\":\"Participants were classified using a plasma β-amyloid (Aβ)42/40 ratio \\u003c 0.10, and then underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).\"},{\"question\":\"Which retinal layer showed the strongest association with plasma biomarkers?\",\"answer\":\"Photoreceptor inner segment (PR-IS) thinning had the largest size effect with neurofilament light chain.\"}]","Emerging Oculomic Signatures: Linking Thickness of Entire Retinal Layers with Plasma Biomarkers in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease | PDF",1790761521]