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N. Mayer & Claude-Hélène Mayer  \nTo cite this article: Lolo Jacques P. N. Mayer & Claude-Hélène Mayer (2025) Elon Musk 4.0: a psycho biography of transhumanism and Frankl’s existential meaning theory, International Review of Psychiatry, 37:5, 427-444, DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2025.2507284  \nTo link to this article: [https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2025.2507284](https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2025.2507284)  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.  \n\n|  Published online: 24 May 2025. |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| | Submit your article to this journal  |\n| | Article views: 2032 |\n| | View related articles  |\n|  View Crossmark data |  |\n|  Citing articles: 3 View citing articles  |  |\n\nFull Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at [https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=iirp20](https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=iirp20)  \nInternatIonal revIew of PsychIatry 2025, vol. 37, no. 5, 427–444  \n[https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2025.2507284](https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2025.2507284)  \nReseaRch aRticle    \nElon Musk 4.0: a psychobiography of transhumanism and Frankl’s existential meaning theory  \nlolo Jacques P. N. Mayera and claude-hélène Mayerb  \naKing’s college, University of london, london, UK; bUniversity of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, south africa  \nABSTRACT  \nin the era of the Fourth industrial Revolution (4iR), elon Musk has become a prominent and influential figure. the south african-born Us visionary and entrepreneur is associated with ground-breaking technological and scientific advances, economic transformation, and, in recent times, increasingly with Us and global politics (chang 2020). companies such as spaceX, tesla and Neuralink emphasise his influence and innovative power regarding contemporary science and politics. this article explores the life and work of elon Musk through the lenses of psychobiography, transhumanist theory and the logotherapy of Viktor Frankl. transhumanism is a philosophical movement encouraging the use of technology to surpass human limitations. this aligns closely with Musk’s ambitions in space exploration, artificial intelligence and neurotechnology. the partial overlap of Musk’s ideas and attitudes with aspects of transhumanist thought and philosophy is highlighted in the article. logotherapy is used to further explore meaning in Musk’s life. Findings show that Musk’s vision extends to redefining and expanding the human condition itself, creating a meaningful life, and contributing to a better life for humankind by expanding consciousness and earthly life towards the universe to support the survival of humankind through creative, experiential and attitudinal meaning. conclusions and future recommendations are provided for theory and practice.  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 27 april 2025 accepted 6 May 2025  \nKEYWORDS  \nelon Musk; transhumanism; Viktor Frankl′s logotherapy; Fourth industrial Revolution (4iR); existential meaning  \nScience knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. Science is the highest personification of the nation because that nation will remain the first which carries the furthest the works of thought and intelligence.  \nLouis Pasteur  \nIntroduction  \nElon Reeve Musk, who was born on 28 June 1971 in Pretoria, South Africa, is a visionary entrepreneur known for his ambitious projects and innovative spirit (Isaacson, 2023) . His life and career offer a rich tapestry for psychological analysis, revealing a complex interplay of personality traits, motivations and cognit","cbCaifDQzPLQXO1O","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifDQzPLQXO1O","pdf",2283844,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Transhumanism and logotherapy framework","[{\"question\":\"What do the findings say about Musk’s vision and its impact?\",\"answer\":\"The findings describe Musk’s aim to redefine and expand the human condition, create meaningful life, and support humankind’s future by extending consciousness and earthly life toward the universe.\"}]","Elon Musk 4.0 - a psychobiography of transhumanism and Frankl’s existential meaning theory | PDF",48]