[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-468343-105":59,"doc-detail-468343-en":122},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":115,"head_meta":117,"extra_data":119,"updated_unix":121},105,"en","electroreceptors-with-a-different-kind-of-buzz-perspective","Electroreceptors with a different kind of buzz - Perspective","","Electric fish in Africa and South America use electroreceptors and electric organs to generate and detect electric fields for communication, navigation, and prey detection in low-visibility muddy rivers. Dipole fields decay rapidly with distance, creating a tuning challenge for receptors that must detect weak high-frequency signals up to 20 kHz. A journal perspective discusses Knollenorgans, which achieve high best frequencies, match tuning to species-specific EOD spectra, and produce precise electrically evoked spike patterns. A mechanistic model is proposed linking electrical resonance, Ca2+-driven action potentials, and Ca2+-dependent spiking, with implications for how tuning may arise despite constraints known from auditory hair cells.",{"@graph":69,"@context":114},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/electroreceptors-with-a-different-kind-of-buzz-perspective/468343/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/electroreceptors-with-a-different-kind-of-buzz-perspective/468343.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ophelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What mechanistic model is proposed to explain high-frequency tuning?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article proposes that strongly attenuated subthreshold voltage oscillations resonate at a specific stimulus frequency, and when threshold is crossed a single Ca2+ action potential is generated, potentially producing ultranarrow spikes.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":116,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":118,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":120,"site_id":62},468343,1790774072,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":123},{"doc_id":120,"user_id":124,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":125,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":126,"file_id":127,"file_url":128,"file_type":129,"file_size":130,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":81,"language":131,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":132,"faqs":133,"seo_title":134,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":121,"read_time":39,"preview_page_count":4},7971461741311,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826","The Journal of Physiology  \nJ Physiol 604. 1 (2026) pp 16–18 16  \nPERSPECTIVE  \nElectroreceptors with a different kind of buzz  \nGeng-Lin Li1  and Henrique von Gersdorff2   \n1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China  \n2 Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA  \nEmail: [genglin.li@fdeent.org](genglin.li@fdeent.org); vongersd@ [ohsu.edu](ohsu.edu)  \nHandling Editors: Katalin Toth & Samuel Young  \nThe peer review history is available in the Supporting Information section of this article ([https://doi.org/10.1113/](https://doi.org/10.1113/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.1113/)[JP289354\\#support-information-section](JP289354#support-information-section)) .  \nElectric fish in Africa and South America have evolved electroreceptors and electric organs that permit them to detect and produce electric fields. They use these electric fields to communicate, navigate and find prey even as nocturnal animals inhabiting muddy rivers where visual cues are limited. The emittance of these dipole electric fields is sophisticated in nature, with different fish species capable of generating electric organ discharges (EODs) with diverse waveforms at frequencies up to 20 kHz. To detect electric fields, electric fish evolved specialized electroreceptors along their body. Given that dipole electric fields decay sharply with distance (d) as 1/d3 , some of these electroreceptors must be highly sensitive, thus requiring them tobe well tuned to pick up small signals from noise, as seen in other sensory modalities. However, how these electroreceptors can be tuned to detect weak electric signals oscillating at up to 20 kHz is poorly understood. This is particularly puzzling given that electrical tuning in non-mammalian auditory hair cells is limited to less than 5 kHz (Fettiplace, 2020) .  \nAmong different types of electroreceptors, Knollenorgans are one type of tuberous electroreceptors that are tuned to higher frequencies (Bell, 1990; Fig. 1A) . In an article in this issue of The Journal of Physiology, Raman and Hopkins (2025) stimulated Knollenorgans in mormyridfish with sinusoidal electric fields of different frequencies and amplitudes, recording in  \nvivo spike-like responses extracellularly. This allowed them to build tuning curves for individual Knollenorgans, in a fashion similar to constructing tuning curves for individual auditory afferent fibres with pure tone stimulation. Although these tuning curves are not very sharp with a typical quality factor QBP \u003C 1 (Frolov & Li, 2017), their best frequencies are found to be as high as 16 kHz. Raman and Hopkins (2025) find that different fish species have different tuning curves matched to the spectrum of EODs that the fish emit, a strong indication that this electrical tuning has evolved to mediate conspecific communication. Moreover, arbitrary electrical noise stimuli applied to Knollenorgan electroreceptors evoked precisely timed spike patterns, which were well replicated by a model of linear filtering, rectification and spike thresholding. These electrically evoked spikes in Knollenorgans are reliable and precise on a time scale of less than 0.1 msand can thus transmit signals above 10 kHz. Of course, the burning mechanistic question is how this electrical tuning arises given our current understanding of excitable membranes in analogous hair cells. Electrical tuning in non-mammalian auditory hair cells stems from Ca2+ currents closely coupled with Ca2+-dependent K+ currents. This produces membrane voltage oscillations that resonate at a particular frequency (Fig. 1B, grey), which matches the best (or characteristic) frequency in tuning curves. Results from avian, amphibian and reptilian species have suggested that resonant frequencies in hair cells cannot exceed 5 kHz, even in warm-blooded avian species, because this would require not only a very large Ca2+ current to drive steep voltage changes but also a prohibitive amount of A","cbCaih8tChJ7Oh3s","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaih8tChJ7Oh3s","pdf",280359,"English","# Electric fish electroreceptors\n## High-frequency tuning challenge\n# Knollenorgans and tuning results\n## Species-matched tuning to EODs\n## Electrically evoked spike precision\n# Proposed mechanistic model\n## Electrical resonance and Ca2+ action potentials","[{\"question\":\"What mechanistic model is proposed to explain high-frequency tuning?\",\"answer\":\"The article proposes that strongly attenuated subthreshold voltage oscillations resonate at a specific stimulus frequency, and when threshold is crossed a single Ca2+ action potential is generated, potentially producing ultranarrow spikes.\"}]","Electroreceptors with a different kind of buzz - Perspective | PDF"]