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Films are prepared by spin coating on glass and silicon, and sol–gel processing is used to enhance transparency and conductivity. Structural and compositional changes are evaluated by vibrational, optical, and electrical measurements, supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Annealing at 350°C yields NiO and confirms Ni3+ alongside Ni2+. Visible transparency reaches 90% at 150°C and falls to 75–78% at 450°C, while optical band gaps decrease to 3.93–3.67 eV. The films exhibit p-type conduction with resistivity near 4.8 × 10^3 Ω/cm, enabling transparent solar-cell hole transport layers and wideband semiconductors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/electrical-and-optical-properties-of-sol-gel-deposited-nio-films-and-response-to-annealing-temperature/354541/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/electrical-and-optical-properties-of-sol-gel-deposited-nio-films-and-response-to-annealing-temperature/354541.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Emma Wilson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How are NiO thin films prepared in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"NiO films are obtained by a spin-coating process on glass and silicon substrates, using sol–gel technology to improve transparency and conductivity.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What annealing temperature leads to the formation of NiO, and what oxidation states are evidenced?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Annealing at 350°C results in NiO formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy evidences Ni3+ existence, confirmed alongside the Ni2+ state.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does annealing temperature affect optical transparency and optical band gap?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Optical transparency in the visible region reaches about 90% at 150°C and decreases to 75–78% at 450°C. Optical band gaps reduce to the 3.93–3.67 eV range after thermal treatments.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},354541,1791946685,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3848291630094,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Electrical and optical properties of sol–gel-deposited NiO films and corresponding response to annealing temperature  \nM. Rajesh1 · KVengatesan1 · Moustafa H. Aly2 · R. Sitharthan3 · Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan4 · Madurakavi Karthikeyan5  \nReceived: 2 June 2023 / Accepted: 31 July 2023 / Published online: 12 October 2023  \n© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023  \nAbstract  \nThe electrical and optical properties of sol–gel deposited nickel oxide (NiO) films are studied as a function of the annealing temperature. NiOX films are successfully obtained by spin coating process on glass and silicon substrates, and their transparency and conductivity have been improved using sol–gel technology. Further, the vibrational, optical, and electrical properties of NiOX film are investigated concerning annealing temperatures between 150 and 450 °C. From the investigation, annealing at 350 °C results in the formation of NiO, and through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), it evidences the existence of Ni3 + which is confirmed along with Ni2+ state. Furthermore, when the NiOX samples are treated at 150 °C, their optical transparency in the visible region reaches 90%, and when the temperature is increased to 450 °C, the optical transparency drops to 75–78% . Through investigation, it is also identified that the optical band gaps get reduced to the region of 3.93–3.67 eV through thermal treatments. From the investigation, it is identified that thin films are excellent p-type electrical conductors having a specific resistivity of around 4.8 × 103 Ω/cm. Hence, they can be used in the manufacturing of transparent solar cells such as Hole Transport Layers (HTLs) and wideband semiconductors.  \nKeywords Thin films · NiO · Sol–gel technique · Optical characteristics · Electrical conductivity  \n1 Introduction  \nNiO is a novel semi-transparent semiconductor with an octahedral 􀀞􀀝 and 􀀞 site cubic rock salt-like structure (Aftab et al. 2021) . In addition to its straight band gap and outstanding chemical and mechanical stability across a wide temperature range, there are few p-type wide band gap semiconductors as fascinating as nickel oxide (Gomaa et al. 2021) . In contrast to other types of transition semiconductors (Kawade et al. 2014), NiO is widely regarded as a benign material. Electrochromic (EC) applications are only one example of how 􀀞􀀝􀀜 thin films can be put to good use because of their special features (Jin et al. 2020) . NiO has shown great promise as a counter electrode layer in electrical conduction (EC) devices (Faria et al. 1998 ; Mihelcic et al. 2014 ; Guo et al. 2021), with potential uses  \nExtended author information available on the last page of the article  \nin chemical sensors, Schottky diodes, MOSFETs, MOS capacitors, hole transport layers in perovskite solar cells, highly sensitive gas sensors, transparent conducting oxides, and spin-valve gigantic magneto resistive sensors (Jabeen et al. 2020 ; Kim et al. 2020 ; Kaya et al. 2021) .  \nThe electrical resistivity of stoichiometric NiO is 􀀞 􀀝 Ω cm (Sahoo et al. 2021), and achieving stoichiometric NiO films is typically challenging. The Ni and O lattice flaws determine its electrical characteristics (Gomaa et al. 2021) . The p-type transparent conductive layer of 􀀞􀀝􀀜 has garnered a lot of interest recently (Dawson et al. 2015) . The possibility of using NiO films in semi-transparent solar cells with transparent photovoltaic solar cells has increased the film’s profile in the scientific community (Klochko et al. 2018 ; Kumar et al. 2021 ; Nguyen et al. 2020) .  \nNew application areas are opened up by transparent and semi-transparent photovoltaics, such as the collection of solar energy using large panes of glass in the roof (Karsthof et al. 2016). The optical transparency of these solar cells is a selling point because it expands the range of possible placement options. They also act as a sponge, soaking up the sun","cbCailQJrPLO8HbY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailQJrPLO8HbY","pdf",1969138,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Background on NiO properties and structures\n## Motivation for p-type transparent conductive layers and applications\n## Sol–gel deposition methods for NiO thin films","[{\"question\":\"How are NiO thin films prepared in the study?\",\"answer\":\"NiO films are obtained by a spin-coating process on glass and silicon substrates, using sol–gel technology to improve transparency and conductivity.\"},{\"question\":\"What annealing temperature leads to the formation of NiO, and what oxidation states are evidenced?\",\"answer\":\"Annealing at 350°C results in NiO formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy evidences Ni3+ existence, confirmed alongside the Ni2+ state.\"},{\"question\":\"How does annealing temperature affect optical transparency and optical band gap?\",\"answer\":\"Optical transparency in the visible region reaches about 90% at 150°C and decreases to 75–78% at 450°C. Optical band gaps reduce to the 3.93–3.67 eV range after thermal treatments.\"}]","Electrical and optical properties of sol-gel-deposited NiO films and response to annealing temperature | PDF",1790111810,43]