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It also includes wiring practices, reference conversion data, power and heat-loss estimation, sensor calibration tolerances, controller tuning concepts, and multiple application examples, plus a glossary of key heating, sensing, and control 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|\n\nIntroduction  \nThis Application Guide is to assist you in understanding the principles of electric thermal systems and components as they apply to various heating tasks. Its purpose is to give you theory, general calculations and engineering data along with examples for solving heating problems. This Application Guide is not a how-to manual or a substitute for specific information related to complex  \nand/or critical applications. Watlow engineers are available to provide you detailed information on engineering approaches not included in this guide. When designing any thermal system, caution must always be exercised to comply with safety requirements, local and/or national electrical codes, agency standards, considerations for use in toxic or explosive environmentsand sound engineering practices. Integrity and suitability of any thermal system design/specification is ultimately the responsibility of those selecting and approving system components.  \nThis Application Guide is organized into sections dealing with the basic facets of an electric thermal system:  \nthe electric heaters, temperature sensors and temperature and power controllers. Information about wiring practices along with reference data and examples are also provided. As always, Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company stands ready to provide you advice or engineering expertise to design and produce components to meet your electric heating requirements.  \nCustomer Assistance  \nManufacturing Facilities ............ 3  \nSales Offices ..................... 4  \nElectric Heaters  \nProduct Overview ................. 7  \nPower Calculations ............... 15  \nPower Evaluation................. 19  \nReview of Heater Application Factors ............... 20  \nSelect Heater .................... 22  \nReference Data .................. 24  \nHeat Loss Factors and Graphs .. 26  \nQuick Estimates of Wattage Requirements ......... 30  \nTemperature Sensors  \nProduct Overview ................ 34  \nContact Temperature Sensors Types and Comparisons........... 36  \nThermocouples .................. 37  \nResistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) .......................... 49  \nThermistors ..................... 52  \nNon-Contact Temperature Sensor Basics ................... 54  \nDefining an Application and Determining a Solution ............ 60  \nReference Data .................. 61  \nThermocouple and Resistance Wire RTD Initial Calibration Tolerances ................... 61  \nRTD Resistance vs. Temperature Tables (Standard Thermistors) .. 63  \nRTD Resistance vs. Temperature Tables (DIN Platinum RTDs) ..... 70  \nTemperature Controllers  \nProduct Overview ................ 74  \nThermal Control Principles ........ 81  \nControl Output Types ............. 88  \nControl Output Comparison ..... 90  \nLimit Control Protection for Temperature Process ............. 93  \nAgency Recognition for Controllers ................... 94  \nControl System Tuning............ 94  \nTypical Thermal Control System Chart Recordings ................ 97  \nController Overview .............. 99  \nData Communications............ 100  \nTable of Contents  \nPower Controllers  \nProduct Overview ............... 101  \nFive Basic Types ................ 102  \nTheory ofSCR Power Controllers .. 108  \nMethods of Firing SCRs .......... 109  \nEnclosure Guidelines ............ 112  \nHeater Life and Selection of Power Handling Device ................ 113  \nSCR Protective Devices .......... 114  \nWiring Practices  \nElectrical Noise ................. 116  \nHelpful Wiring Guidelines......... 118  \nInput Power Wiring .............. 120  \nOutput Wiring .................. 122  \nSCR Wiring – Tips and Special Considerations ................. 124  \nReference Data  \nCelsius to Fahrenheit / Fahrenheit to Celsius ............ 127  \nRatings of Listed Heater Voltages Operated on Other Voltages....... 129  \nConversion Factors.............","cbCaijsDHDrrZH0p","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijsDHDrrZH0p","pdf",1477591,216,"English","# Introduction\n# Customer Assistance\n## Manufacturing Facilities\n## Sales Offices\n# Electric Heaters\n## Product Overview\n## Power Calculations\n## Power Evaluation\n## Review of Heater Application Factors\n## Select Heater\n## Reference Data\n## Heat Loss Factors and Graphs\n## Quick Estimates of Wattage Requirements\n# Temperature Sensors\n## Product Overview\n## Contact Temperature Sensors Types and Comparisons\n## Thermocouples\n## Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)\n## Thermistors\n## Non-Contact Temperature Sensor Basics\n## Defining an Application and Determining a Solution\n## Reference Data\n# Temperature Controllers\n## Product Overview\n## Thermal Control Principles\n## Control Output Types\n## Control Output Comparison\n## Limit Control Protection for Temperature Process\n## Agency Recognition for Controllers\n## Control System Tuning\n# Power Controllers\n## Product Overview\n## Five Basic Types\n## Theory of SCR Power Controllers\n## Methods of Firing SCRs\n## Enclosure Guidelines\n## SCR Protective Devices\n# Wiring Practices\n## Electrical Noise\n## Helpful Wiring Guidelines\n## Input Power Wiring\n## Output Wiring\n## SCR Wiring – Tips and Special Considerations\n# Reference Data\n## Celsius to Fahrenheit / Fahrenheit to Celsius\n## Conversion Factors\n## Commonly Used Geometric Areas and Volume\n## Physical Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases\n## Corrosion Guide\n## Examples of Applications\n# Glossary","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this Application Guide for electric thermal systems?\",\"answer\":\"It explains the principles of electric thermal systems and their components as applied to various heating tasks, providing theory, calculations, engineering data, and examples to solve heating problems.\"},{\"question\":\"What main component areas does the guide cover?\",\"answer\":\"It is organized around electric heaters, temperature sensors, and temperature/power controllers, and it also includes wiring practices, reference data, and application examples.\"},{\"question\":\"What safety and compliance considerations does the guide emphasize when designing thermal systems?\",\"answer\":\"Design work must always comply with safety requirements, local and/or national electrical codes, agency standards, and appropriate engineering practices, including considerations for toxic or explosive environments.\"}]","Electric Thermal Systems Application Guide - Heating, Sensing and Control | PDF",544]