[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-231774-105":59,"doc-detail-231774-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","efficiency-in-indonesian-higher-education-different-governance-leads-to-different-performance","Efficiency in Indonesian Higher Education - Different Governance Leads to Different Performance","","Efficiency in Indonesian public higher education is analyzed through the relationship between cost efficiency and the production of university outputs. The study applies a stochastic cost frontier multiproduct model using annual public spending as input and multiple university output indicators via HE-KPI across 45 public universities. Results show overall cost efficiency scores are high, with the Public Service Agency management pattern achieving the highest efficiency compared to other governance patterns. Findings support effective management pattern selection, re-evaluation of privatization policy, and improvement of education output and input alignment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/efficiency-in-indonesian-higher-education-different-governance-leads-to-different-performance/231774/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/efficiency-in-indonesian-higher-education-different-governance-leads-to-different-performance/231774.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Olivia Brown","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-10",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the study on Indonesian higher education efficiency?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study analyzes and compares cost efficiency levels in public higher education in Indonesia, focusing on how governance patterns affect efficiency in producing university outputs.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What method and indicators does the study use to measure efficiency?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study uses a stochastic cost frontier multiproduct model with annual public spending as input and HE-KPI as the output, represented by multiple key performance indicators regulated nationally.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which governance management pattern shows the highest cost efficiency score?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The Public Service Agency management pattern shows the highest efficiency score compared to establishments using Work Unit and Legal Entity management patterns.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},231774,1789067056,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},16904993612988,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Efficiency in Indonesian Higher Education: Different Governance Leads to Different Performance  \nHisky Ryan Kawulur  \nUniversitas Brawijaya  \nErwin Saraswati  \nUniversitas Brawijaya  \nAbdul Ghofar  \nUniversitas Brawijaya  \nArum Prastiwi  \nUniversitas Brawijaya  \nThis study aims to analyze cost efficiency ’s performance when producing university outputs from 45 public universities in Indonesia. A stochastic cost frontier multiproduct with six key performance indicators and annual public spending was used as the output and input for the analysis. This study finds that cost efficiency’s score is high, compared to one in a previous study. Higher education using the Public Service Agency management pattern has the highest efficiency score compared to establishments with Work Unit and Legal Entity management patterns. This study has several implications; first, the need for effective management patterns; second, the re-evaluation of the privatization policy; and third, improvement in education’s output or input.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nEfficiency is an important issue in the performance management of public higher education. The more efficient the performance, the better the ability to produce an output with fewer inputs (Staňková & Hampel, 2021) . The analysis of efficiency also describes past economic performance and future policy directions (Lewis & Dundar, 1999; Sav, 2016) . The demand for efficiency from the education sector continues to grow because the new public management concept states that public higher education must be efficient, accountable, and transparent in managing its inputs and outputs (Lorenz, 2012; Salminen, 2003) .  \nPrevious research has proven that performance inefficiencies are still present in many universities, in both developed and developing countries. Most public universities in the US are inefficient at using spending inputs to produce outputs in education and research (Titus et al., 2017) . Universities in Italy and Germany are unable to manage their salary and research costs (Agasisti & Gralka, 2019) . In the context of developing countries, such as Indonesia, efficiency is still a big problem for public higher education. Some leading universities have problems in managing resources to produce world class university outputs  \n(Mahmudah & Lola, 2016) . The same thing also happens in eight teacher training universities as they struggle to produce their educational output (Jati, 2015) .  \nMost researchers in the past used stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to evaluate performance efficiency. This approach is considered suitable for research concerning public higher education since it employs multiple inputs and outputs (Agasisti & Belfield, 2014; Agasisti & Haelermans, 2016; Robst, 2001) . However, consensus among academics on the use of input and output indicators has not been achieved (Gralka, 2018a) . Bolli et al (2016) for example, used the number of students as an output, while other researchers, such as Kulshreshtha & Nayak (2015), used that indicator as an input. The amount of research funding was used as an output by Titus et al (2021), but used as an input by Bertoletti & Johnes (2021) . The absence of rules in this regard has increased researchers’ subjectivity in choosing inputs and outputs (Agasisti & Gralka, 2019) . Previous studies focused on the use of education and research dimensions as outputs (D’elia & Ferro, 2021), while aspects such as teaching, the institution’s quality, and community service rarely received attention from researchers (Gralka, 2018b) .  \nThis study uses SFA, while the higher education key performance indicator (HE-KPI) is used as the output and total cost as the input. The HE-KPI is an output standard that is regulated nationally. The standard regulates the similarity of the output among higher education institutions, which is the comprehensive indicator. This indicator consists of the graduates’ readiness, the students’ activities, the lecturers’ activities, the lecture","cbCaipGC82pcntVE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipGC82pcntVE","pdf",246221,11,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n## Efficiency in Public Higher Education\n## Previous Research and Methodological Choices\n## Study Approach: SFA and HE-KPI\n## Contributions of the Study\n## Indonesian Higher Education Industry","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the study on Indonesian higher education efficiency?\",\"answer\":\"The study analyzes and compares cost efficiency levels in public higher education in Indonesia, focusing on how governance patterns affect efficiency in producing university outputs.\"},{\"question\":\"What method and indicators does the study use to measure efficiency?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses a stochastic cost frontier multiproduct model with annual public spending as input and HE-KPI as the output, represented by multiple key performance indicators regulated nationally.\"},{\"question\":\"Which governance management pattern shows the highest cost efficiency score?\",\"answer\":\"The Public Service Agency management pattern shows the highest efficiency score compared to establishments using Work Unit and Legal Entity management patterns.\"}]","Efficiency in Indonesian Higher Education - Different Governance Leads to Different Performance | PDF",28]