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Framed by a tentative theory of leadership, the work distinguishes motivational disposition variables (such as dissatisfactions and social needs) from cognitive estimates about likely consequences. It tests hypotheses across experiments, focusing on how perceptions of reward and the possibility of solving mutual problems influence leadership attempt frequency and related group 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problem does the study address?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examines the effects of situational and personal variables on the frequency of attempts to lead, focusing specifically on task motivation and expectancy of accomplishment.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which variables does the tentative leadership theory emphasize?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It separates motivational disposition variables (e.g., dissatisfactions and social need dispositions) from cognitive estimates about the probable consequences of leadership acts.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do the experiments test the hypotheses?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The research formulates hypotheses from the theory and tests them in controlled sessions, with the second session conducted immediately after the first to observe effects and 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andExpectancy of Accomplishmentupon Attempts to LeadBy\n\nJohn K.HemphillEducational Testing Serviceand  \nPauline N.Pepinsky,Arnold E.Kaufman,Milton E.Lipetz  \nPersonnel Research Board,Ohio State UniversityPrice $1.00Edited by Herbert S.Conrad  \nPublished by The American Psychological Association,Ine.  \n# Psychological Monographs:General and Applied\n\nCombining the Applied Psychology Monographs and the Archives of Psychologywith the Psychological Monographs  \nHERBERT S.CONRAD,Editor  \nDepartment of Health,Education,and Weljare  \nOffice of Education  \nWashington 25,D.C.  \nConsulting Editors  \nHAROLD E.JONZS  \nDONALD E.BAIER  \nDoNALD W.MACKINNON  \nFEANI A.BEACH  \nLoRRIN A.RICGS  \nROBERT G.BERNREUTAR  \nCARL R.RoGERS  \nWILLAM A.BROWNELL  \nSAUL ROSENZWEIG  \nHAROLD E.BURTT  \nRoss STAGNER  \nJERRY W.CARTER,JR.  \nPERCTVAL M.SYMONDS  \nCLYDE H.CooMS  \nJOSEPH TIPTIN  \nJOHN F.DASHIELL  \nLEDYARD R TUCKZR  \nEUGENIA HANTMANN  \nJOSEPH ZUBN  \nEDNA HZIDBRZDE  \nARTHUR C.HoFFMAN,Managing EditorHELEN ORR,Circulation ManagerFRANCES H.CLARK,Editorial Assistant  \nMANUSCRIPTs should be sent to the Editor.  \nBecause of lack of space,the Psychological Monographs can print only the originalor advanced contribution of the author.Background and bibliographic materialsmust,in general,be totally excluded or kept to an irreducible minimum.Statisticaltables should be used to present only the most important of the statistical data orevidence.  \nPreparation of manuscripts for publication as monographs should follow the pro-cedures given in the APA Publication Manual,1957 Revision-this revision super-sedes all previous manuals for preparing manuscripts for publication as monographs.  \nCoRRESPONDENCE CONCERNING BUSINESS MATTERS(such as subscriptions and sales,change of address,etc.)should be addressed to the American Psychological Associa-tion,Inc.,1333 Sixteenth St.N.W.,Washington 6,D.C.Address changes must arriveby the 1oth of the month to take effect the following month.Undelivered copiesresulting from address changes will not be replaced;subscribers should notify thepost office that they will guarantee third-class forwarding postage.  \nCoPYRIGHT,1958,BY THE AMERICAN PsYCHOLOGICAL AssOCIATION,INC.  \n# Effects of Task Motivation and Expectancy ofAccomplishment upon Attempts to Lead\n\nJoHN K.HEMPHILL  \nEducational Testing ServiceAND  \nPAULINE N.PEPINSKY,ARNOLD E.KAUFMAN,MILTON E.LIPETZPersonnel Research Board,Ohio State University  \nexpectancy.The hypotheses involved ineach of the three experiments are basedupon a tentative theory of leadership insmall groups(3).  \n# THE PROBLEM\n\nTHIS experiment is the third in aI series conducted to test hypothesesabout the effects of situational and per-sonal variables upon the frequency ofattempts to lead.The first experimentexamined the relationship between pos-session of relevant information and thefrequency of attempts to lead (3).Thesecond experiment tested hypothesesconcerning the effects of(a)needs forachievement and affiliation,and (b)posi-tive and negative reactions of othergroup members upon attempts to lead  \nIn the tentative theory the followingstatements relevant to the present experi-ment appear:  \nThe motivational variables that determinewhether a given individual will attempt a givenleadership act lie in two major areas.The firstarea involves disposition variables.Of thesevariables the most central to our problem in-clude(1)the strength of his dissatisfactionsassociated with the mutual problem,(2)thestrength of his social need-dispositions that thegroup has a potential of satisfying.The secondarea involves cognitive estimates or expectationsof the individual concerning the probable con-sequence of the act of leadership he is consider-ing attempting.Two important areas of variablesrelated to the estimates concern(1)the proba-bility of solving the mutual problem,and(2)theprobability of","cbCaimAWffsslLfq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimAWffsslLfq","pdf",1174364,"English","# THE PROBLEM\n## Research background and tentative theory\n## Variables and hypotheses\n## Experimental setup and procedure","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines the effects of situational and personal variables on the frequency of attempts to lead, focusing specifically on task motivation and expectancy of accomplishment.\"},{\"question\":\"Which variables does the tentative leadership theory emphasize?\",\"answer\":\"It separates motivational disposition variables (e.g., dissatisfactions and social need dispositions) from cognitive estimates about the probable consequences of leadership acts.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the experiments test the hypotheses?\",\"answer\":\"The research formulates hypotheses from the theory and tests them in controlled sessions, with the second session conducted immediately after the first to observe effects and interactions.\"}]","Effects of Task Motivation and Expectancy of Accomplishment upon Attempts to Lead - read and analyzed content | PDF",1789968016]