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This review examines the role of sputum cytology for early lung cancer detection and evaluates biomarkers detectable in sputum samples. Published evidence is reviewed for sputum cytology’s value in early identification and risk assessment across high-risk groups. The article also highlights how recent sample processing advances may improve diagnosis beyond conventional sputum cytology, stressing the need for standardization, automation, validation, and careful handling of sputum cytology challenges and sputum-based molecular markers for routine practice and clinical trials.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/effective-lung-cancer-control-an-unaccomplished-challenge-in-cancer-research/385094/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/effective-lung-cancer-control-an-unaccomplished-challenge-in-cancer-research/385094.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Đào","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does lung cancer remain a difficult disease to control?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Lung cancer causes high morbidity and mortality because it is often detected too late and has poor survival, reflecting limitations in early detection methods.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the focus of the review regarding early lung cancer detection?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review focuses on sputum cytology and sputum-based biomarkers, emphasizing their potential for early detection and risk assessment, especially in high-risk groups.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What developments are discussed to improve sputum cytology-based diagnosis?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review discusses recent advances in sample processing techniques that may refine diagnosis compared with conventional sputum cytology, alongside the need for standardization and automation for routine laboratories and clinical trials.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},385094,1790342542,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1374402968488,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","[https://www.cytojournal.com/](https://www.cytojournal.com/)  \nCytoJournal  \nCo-editors-in-chief:  \nLester J. Layfield, MD,(University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA)  \nVinod B. Shidham, MD, FIAC, FRCPath (WSU School of Medicine, Detroit, USA)  \nReview Article  \nEffective lung cancer control: An unaccomplished challenge in cancer research  \nNeeraja Panakkal, MSc1,2, Asha Lekshmi, PhD1, Veena Vamadevan Saraswathy, PhD3, Kunjuraman Sujathan, PhD1  \n1Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, 􀀟iruvananthapuram, Kerala, 2Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 3Division of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, 􀀟iruvananthapuram, Kerala, India  \n*Corresponding author:  \nKunjuraman Sujathan, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre,􀀟iruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.  \n[ksujathan@gmail.com](ksujathan@gmail.com)  \n\n| Received : 15 September 2022\u003Cbr>Accepted : 10 October 2022\u003Cbr>Published : 07 August 2023 |\n| --- |\n| DOI\u003Cbr>10.25259/Cytojournal_36_2022 |\n\nQuick Response Code:  \nABSTRACT  \nLung cancer has always been a burden to the society since its non-effective early detection and poor survival status. Different imaging modalities such as computed tomography scan have been practiced for lung cancer detection.  \n􀀟is review focuses on the importance of sputum cytology for early lung cancer detection and biomarkers effective in sputum samples. Published articles were discussed in light of the potential of sputum cytology for lung cancer early detection and risk assessment across high-risk groups. Recent developments in sample processing techniques have documented a clear potential to improve or refine diagnosis beyond that achieved with conventional sputum cytology examination. 􀀟e diagnostic potential of sputum cytology may be exploited better through the standardization and automation of sputum preparation and analysis for application in routine laboratory practices and clinical trials. 􀀟e challenging aspects in sputum cytology as well as sputum-based molecular markers are to ensure appropriate standardization and validation of the processing techniques.  \nKeywords: Lung cancer, Molecular markers, Sputum cytology  \nINTRODUCTION  \nLung cancer or bronchogenic carcinoma refers to tumors originating in the lung parenchyma or within the bronchi.[1] Globally, lung cancer has emerged as the most important cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for more than 180,000 newly diagnosed patients and 160,000 deaths.[2] A highest incidence rate of 34.2 and a mortality rate of 30/100,000 were reported in men in 2014.[3] An increased lung cancer incidence among women has been reported in Hungary, followed by North America, North and West Europe, and Chile.[4] Smoking is responsible for about 85% of all lung cancers[5] but, now, this is changing. Incidence among non-smoking females has become an important concern.[6] In India, lung cancer was initially thought to be extremely rare. However, later, it is found to rise allover the country, and currently, it ranks fourth (5.9%) in overall cancer incidence. Shockingly, it is adenocarcinoma, the type least linked with smoking that is increasing faster. A rise in the incidence of lung cancer in non-smoking Indian women is yet another shocking trend.[7]  \nAlthough notable progress in lung cancer treatment has been made in recent years, the mortality rate remains very high because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Long-term survival is confined to patients with Stage 0 disease. However, only 0.6% of the lung cancer population constitutes this group since these small tumors are clinically asymptomatic. [8] 􀀟erefore, much interest has been devoted to identifying reliable methods for detecting the disease in theasymptomatic phase itself and prompt treatment in addition to primary prevention strategies.  \n􀀟is is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non CommercialShare Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, ","cbCaitlhZERPxWrl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitlhZERPxWrl","pdf",1348745,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why does lung cancer remain a difficult disease to control?\",\"answer\":\"Lung cancer causes high morbidity and mortality because it is often detected too late and has poor survival, reflecting limitations in early detection methods.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the focus of the review regarding early lung cancer detection?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on sputum cytology and sputum-based biomarkers, emphasizing their potential for early detection and risk assessment, especially in high-risk groups.\"},{\"question\":\"What developments are discussed to improve sputum cytology-based diagnosis?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses recent advances in sample processing techniques that may refine diagnosis compared with conventional sputum cytology, alongside the need for standardization and automation for routine laboratories and clinical trials.\"}]","Effective lung cancer control - An unaccomplished challenge in cancer research | PDF",1790266707,18]