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The research builds on psychosocial development theory, focusing on the period of hopelessness as part of self-integrity, and includes 40 participants. Hopelessness and depression are measured using the Beck Depression and Hopelessness Scale, with random assignment to exercise and control groups. Statistical evaluation uses SPSS 22 and t-tests for related samples, showing significant reductions after the intervention.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/effect-of-swimming-exercise-in-old-age-on-hopelessness-and-depression-levels/590941/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/effect-of-swimming-exercise-in-old-age-on-hopelessness-and-depression-levels/590941.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanford","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To analyze the effects of a 12-week swimming exercise program on hopelessness and depression levels in women aged over 55.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were participants assessed for hopelessness and depression?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study used the Beck Depression and Hopelessness Scale to determine participants’ hopelessness and depression levels.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What training protocol was applied to the experimental group?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The experimental group performed swimming exercise for 12 weeks, 3 days per week, while the control group received no application.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590941,1792667675,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","African Educational Research Journal  \nSpecial Issue 8(2), pp. S353-S359, October 2020  \nDOI: 10. 30918/AERJ. 8S2.20.065 ISSN: 2354-2160  \nFull Length Research Paper  \nEffect of swimming exercise in old age on hopelessness and depression levels  \nHande Baba Kaya  \nDepartment of Physical Education and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Düzce University Düzce, Turkey.  \n\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of 12 weeks swimming exercise on the levels of hopelessness and depression in women aged over 55. This study is constructed by considering the period of hopelessness emerging as a part of self-integrity seen as the last step of psychosocial development theory; the levels of hopelessness and depression levels of 40 women were included. The Beck Depression and Hopelessness Scale were used to determine the level of hopelessness and depression of the participants. Participants with high were divided into two groups by random assignment method, while one group was given swimming exercise for 12 weeks, no application was made to the other group. Swimming exercise was applied to the experimental group for 12 weeks 3 days a week. The data of the research were evaluated in SPSS 22 package program. In order to determine whether the difference between the two related samples is significant, the t-test was used for the analysis of the data. When analyzing the results, significant reduction in depression and hopelessness levels of women over 55 was observed after 12 weeks of swimming exercise.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Swimming exercise, depression, hopelessness, old age. |\n| --- |\n| E-mail: [handebabakaya@duzce.edu.tr](handebabakaya@duzce.edu.tr). |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nErikson, one of the psychoanalytic theorists, talks about the psychological effects of social processes in the development process. Advocating that development continues from birth to death, Erikson argues that a single part of life is never more important or critical than any other part of life. Erikson says that in each period of human development there is a certain problem of its own. There is a psychosocial crisis in every period of life. Erikson divides life into eight developmental periods, the last period of human life, in which the participants call hopelessness against self-integrity, is the last period of psychosocial development and is composed of people in the period of maturity. During this period, people look back and evaluate the choices they made, review their successes and failures. In this review process, if a person reaches the conclusion that his/her life is full of successes and has spent a meaningful life, the result is a sense of self-integrity, but if the person is unhappy with the choices he/she made, the feeling of hopelessness emerges as a result of thinking that his/her life is wasted and it is too late for everything (Ulusoy, 2006; Burger,  \n2006) .  \nHope is the expectation to achieve future goals (Rideout and Montemuro, 1986; Tiryaki, 2020) . Hopelessness is the lack of prospects for the future (Melges 1969) . Underneath the emergence of these two opposite states of emotions lies the belief that expectations for life will come true. This is exactly what happens during the period of hopelessness against selfintegrity, which Erikson calls the period of maturity, which is over 55 years old. The person experiences a feeling of hopelessness with a sense of unhappiness that is given by the inability to fulfil their expectations for life. Most often hopelessness is also considered a sign of depression (Melges, 1969; Dilbaz and Seber, 1993) . Depression is characterized by inability to enjoy activities in life and state of unhappiness, hopelessness for the future, decrease in energy and concentration, over-sleep and loss of self-care skills (APA, 2013) . In many studies conducted in people in maturity, mental problems including dementia, depression, alcohol abuse and suicide attempts have come to the fore (Beğer and  \nYavuzer, 2012)","cbCaigXcLxhtXAr6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigXcLxhtXAr6","pdf",208636,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Methodology","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To analyze the effects of a 12-week swimming exercise program on hopelessness and depression levels in women aged over 55.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants assessed for hopelessness and depression?\",\"answer\":\"The study used the Beck Depression and Hopelessness Scale to determine participants’ hopelessness and depression levels.\"},{\"question\":\"What training protocol was applied to the experimental group?\",\"answer\":\"The experimental group performed swimming exercise for 12 weeks, 3 days per week, while the control group received no application.\"}]","Effect of swimming exercise in old age on hopelessness and depression levels | PDF",1792070774,18]