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The study measures teachers’ perceived teacher empowerment in Punjab Province, Pakistan, considering demographic variables including gender, qualification, experience, rank, and job type. An action-research and descriptive design uses a survey of 415 teachers from seven general universities. Data are collected using the School Participants Empowerment Scale (SPES) with 38 Likert items across six dimensions. Descriptive and inferential statistics test mean differences, correlations, and group effects, finding generally high perceived empowerment with demographic-based differences except qualification.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/effect-of-demographic-variables-of-university-teachers-on-their-perceived-teacher-empowerment/596300/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/effect-of-demographic-variables-of-university-teachers-on-their-perceived-teacher-empowerment/596300.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Guten tag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the research?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To examine teachers’ perceived teacher empowerment by considering demographic variables such as gender, qualification, experience, rank, and job type.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was data collected and what instrument was used?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A survey of 415 respondents was conducted using the “School Participants Empowerment Scale” (SPES), which contains 38 items on a five-point Likert scale across six empowerment dimensions.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which dimensions of teacher empowerment are evaluated?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study measures six dimensions: Decision Making, Professional Growth, Status, Self-Efficacy, Autonomy, and Impact.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},596300,1792161475,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},687212321768,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a0010bdbe886d2fe77?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789897067658708522","Effect of Demographic Variables of University Teachers on their Perceived Teacher Empowerment  \nAqila Rafique*and Mahr Muhammad Saeed Akhtar**  \nAbstract  \nTeacher Empowerment (TE) is not a broadly investigated idea in Educational studies, therefore, this concept is still under examination and indefinable as ever. It is a vibrant component of effective management in universities. The current research is an endeavor to examine the Teacher Empowerment as perceived by the teachers working in Universities by taking into consideration the demographic variables (Gender, Qualification, experience, Rank and type of job) . The study was an action research and descriptive in nature which aimed to determine the current status of teacher empowerment as perceived by the teachers working in universities of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. A survey of 415 respondents was carried out in this regard. The sample was consisted of male and female teachers working in 7 general type universities of the Punjab. The instrument used to collect data was “School Participants Empowerment Scale” SPES (Short and Rinehart, 1992), a scale containing 38 items with five point Likert scale, divided into Six dimensions of empowerment i.e.“Decision Making, Professional Growth, Status, Self-Efficacy, Autonomy and Impact”. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics including, mean, t-test, correlation and ANOVA were applied to analyze the data. Results of the study showed that teachers have a highly perceived empowerment. The difference of mean exists based on demographic variables except qualification.  \nKeywords: Teacher empowerment, Decision making, Professional growth, Self-efficacy, autonomy  \n* PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore  \n** Professor, Rtd, University of the Punjab, Lahore  \nIntroduction  \nAn organization is a cluster of individuals that are united together in order to achieve the organizational goals. Each organization comprises three basic components i.e. goal, people, and its system. Individuals are operating in system with the objective of having organizational or individual's goals completion (Alvi, Kanwal, & Bilal, 2014) . As the chief asset of every organization is human resource, so the organizations must have motivated and inspired human resources to meet the above mentioned challenges (Gholifar, Gholami & Pouya, 2013) . It is the efficient human resource in an organization that makes it superior to others. In order to survive in the competitive environment, empowering the human resources in any type of organization is very important (Jofreh, Aghaei, & Nia, 2014) . For the reason, employee empowerment is believed to be a necessary ingredient of every organization. Ongori (2009) also argued that there is a need of empowered employees in this globalized age so that they could make immediate and quick decisions and act in response quickly whenever they feel any change in organizational circumstances. According to Sadati (2012), empowerment is a concept where an organization put forward its decision making or approval power to employees. So empowerment can also be identified as a practice in which capacity of an individual and/or group is enhanced to make their own choices and to translate these choices into preferred measures and outcomes (Alsop, Bertelsen, & Holland, 2005) .  \nTeacher Empowerment (TE)  \nIn the twenty-first century, education has gone through extensive changes. Educational reforms are being undertaken by most of the countries regarding curriculum, infrastructure, teaching strategies and assessment processes. And, obviously, the vital ingredient of among all these factors is the teacher. There is an agreement by different societies that “the teacher is not just one of the variables that must be changed if their educational systems are to be improved. Societies are realizing the teacher is also one of the most significant agents of change in such reforms” (Villegas-Reimers, 2003, p. 7) . ","cbCaioluxM4PfYzS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioluxM4PfYzS","pdf",388088,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Teacher Empowerment (TE)\n## Dimensions of Teacher Empowerment","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the research?\",\"answer\":\"To examine teachers’ perceived teacher empowerment by considering demographic variables such as gender, qualification, experience, rank, and job type.\"},{\"question\":\"How was data collected and what instrument was used?\",\"answer\":\"A survey of 415 respondents was conducted using the “School Participants Empowerment Scale” (SPES), which contains 38 items on a five-point Likert scale across six empowerment dimensions.\"},{\"question\":\"Which dimensions of teacher empowerment are evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"The study measures six dimensions: Decision Making, Professional Growth, Status, Self-Efficacy, Autonomy, and Impact.\"}]","Effect of Demographic Variables of University Teachers on their Perceived Teacher Empowerment | PDF",1792082824]