[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-589535-105":59,"doc-detail-589535-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","effect-of-cultural-distance-on-pragmatic-comprehension-and-production","Effect of Cultural Distance on Pragmatic Comprehension and Production","","National cultural distance is treated as a strong predictor of language learners’ pragmatic competence. A study with 24 German undergraduate students culturally close to Britons and 28 South Korean students culturally distant from Britons tested pragmatic comprehension and production. A 24-item comprehension test and a discourse completion task measured respectively comprehension and production abilities. MANOVA showed a significant positive effect of cultural distance on pragmatic competence overall and in both dimensions. Pedagogical guidance recommends embedding target-language pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic features into instruction while providing ample exposure opportunities.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/effect-of-cultural-distance-on-pragmatic-comprehension-and-production/589535/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/effect-of-cultural-distance-on-pragmatic-comprehension-and-production/589535.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Terk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does national cultural distance relate to pragmatic competence in this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study positions national cultural distance as a strong predictor of language learners’ pragmatic competence and tests its effects on both comprehension and production.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What instruments were used to measure pragmatic comprehension and production?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Pragmatic comprehension was measured with a 24-item test developed by Taguchi, and pragmatic production was measured with a discourse completion task developed by Bardovi-Harlig.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the MANOVA results show?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"MANOVA revealed a significant positive effect of national cultural distance on pragmatic competence both holistically and separately for comprehension and production.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589535,1792171991,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},1099525198933,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714  \nVol. 7 No. 4; August 2016  \n Australian International Academic Centre, Australia  \n|  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  |  |  |\n| Flourishing Creativity & Literacy |  |  |\n\nEffect of Cultural Distance on Pragmatic Comprehension and Production  \nVahid Rafieyan  \nInternational College of Liberal Arts, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan  \nE-mail: [rafieyanv@ygu.ac.jp](rafieyanv@ygu.ac.jp)  \nDoi:10 .7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.4p.25  \nURL: [http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.4p.25](http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.4p.25)  \nReceived: 16/02/2016  \nAccepted: 27/04/2016  \nAbstract  \nNational cultural distance is considered to be a strong predictor of language learners’pragmatic competence. To test the actual effect of national cultural distance on pragmatic competence holistically and comprehension and production aspects of pragmatic competence discretely, the current study was conducted on two groups of undergraduate student of English: 24 German students considered culturally close to Britons as target language community and 28 South Korean students considered culturally distant from Britons. A 24-item pragmatic comprehension test developed by Taguchi (2007, 2008) was used to measure language learners’ pragmatic comprehension ability. A discourse completion task developed by Bardovi-Harlig (2009) was also used to measure language learners’pragmatic production ability. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed the significant positive effect of national cultural distance on pragmatic competence holistically and comprehension and production aspects of pragmatic competence discretely. The pedagogical implications of the findings suggested incorporating target language pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic features into class instruction and providing abundant opportunities for language learners to be exposed topragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic features of the target language.  \nKeywords: Cultural Distance, Pragmatic Competence, Pragmatic Comprehension, Pragmatic Production  \n1. Introduction  \nNational cultural distance, defined as the extent to which the shared norms and values in one country differ from those in another country (Hofstede, 2001), is considered to be a strong predictor of language learners’ pragmatic competence, defined as “the ability to use language effectively in order to achieve a specific purpose and to understand language in context” (Thomas, 1983: 92) . Language learners who come from countries whose cultural features are closer to the cultural features of the target language community are supposed to possess a higher level of pragmatic competence than language learners who come from countries whose cultural features are more distant from the cultural features of the target language community simply because culturally close counties normally share a lot of cultural features (Rafieyanet al., 2014a) .  \nNational cultural distance was presented in a model developed by Hofstede (2001) which consists of five dimensions. The first dimension is power distance which refers to the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. The second dimension is individualism, as opposed to collectivism, which refers to societies in which ties between people are loose and people are not integrated into strong, cohesive groups. The third dimension is masculinity, as opposed to femininity, which refers to societies in which social gender roles are clearly distinct and do not overlap, that is, men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on marital success whereas women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. The fourth dimension is uncertainty avoidance which refers to the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations and try to avoid such situations. The fifth dimension is Conf","cbCaip6yMr6YVSOE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaip6yMr6YVSOE","pdf",230992,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n## Key concepts and definitions\n## Hofstede’s model of national cultural distance\n## Prior research and related studies","[{\"question\":\"How does national cultural distance relate to pragmatic competence in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study positions national cultural distance as a strong predictor of language learners’ pragmatic competence and tests its effects on both comprehension and production.\"},{\"question\":\"What instruments were used to measure pragmatic comprehension and production?\",\"answer\":\"Pragmatic comprehension was measured with a 24-item test developed by Taguchi, and pragmatic production was measured with a discourse completion task developed by Bardovi-Harlig.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the MANOVA results show?\",\"answer\":\"MANOVA revealed a significant positive effect of national cultural distance on pragmatic competence both holistically and separately for comprehension and production.\"}]","Effect of Cultural Distance on Pragmatic Comprehension and Production | PDF",1792067563]