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A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design involved 120 senior secondary school students, with a control group taught using traditional lectures and an experimental group taught with computer animation. Data were collected using the Hybridization Achievement Test (HAT) and the Students’ Spatial Ability Test (SSAT), with reliability coefficients of 0.71 and 0.77. ANCOVA at 0.05 tested seven hypotheses; CAI significantly improved hybridization performance and showed a gender–spatial ability interaction favoring females with high spatial ability.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/effect-of-computer-animation-instructional-package-on-students-achievement-in-hybridization-in-chemistry-article/272843/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/effect-of-computer-animation-instructional-package-on-students-achievement-in-hybridization-in-chemistry-article/272843.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aran","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What instructional package does the study evaluate for teaching hybridization?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study evaluates a Computer Animation Instructional Package (CAI) designed to support learning of the hybridization concept in chemistry.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were students grouped and what teaching methods were compared?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design used a control group taught through traditional lectures and an experimental group taught using computer animation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main outcomes of using CAI on students’ performance?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"CAI highly impacted students’ performance in chemical hybridization, and the results indicate gender-friendly instructional characteristics. An interaction effect between gender and spatial ability was also found.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},272843,1789467943,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},137455076865,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","International Journal of Instruction e-ISSN: 1308-1470 ● [www.e-iji.net](www.e-iji.net)  \nJuly 2024 ● Vol.17, No.3 p-ISSN: 1694-609Xpp. 435-452  \nArticle submission code: 20231026061211  \nReceived: 26/10/2023  \nRevision: 27/02/2024  \nAccepted: 03/03/2024  \nOnlineFirst: 03/04/2024  \nEffect of Computer Animation Instructional Package on Students’Achievement in Hybridization in Chemistry  \nNathaniel A. Omilani  \nPh D., Department of Science and Technology Education, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, [ayonath2002@gmail.com](ayonath2002@gmail.com)  \nShamsudeen Adebayo Raji  \nDepartment of Science and Technology Education, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, [rajiadebayor06@gmail.com](rajiadebayor06@gmail.com)  \nThe study aimed to ascertain how learners' performance in the chemical hybridization concept was affected by the Computer Animation Instructional Package (CAI) . A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design was used in the study. There were 120 seniors secondary school students in the sample. The control group received instruction via traditional lectures, while the experimental group was treated using computer animation. The Hybridization Achievement Test (HAT) and Students' Spatial Ability Test (SSAT) were tested and used for data collection. The tests had reliability coefficients of 0.71 and 0.77, respectively using Kuder Richardson 20. Using estimated marginal means and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at a 0.05 significance level, seven research hypotheses were tested. Results showed that CAI highly impacted students' performance in the chemical concept of hybridization. A noteworthy interaction effect between gender and spatial ability was also found, favouring females with high spatial ability over males with low spatial ability regarding learners' performance. The research results indicate that CAI enhanced students' performance on the hybridization concept in chemistry. The results also showed the gender-friendly and successful instructional characteristics of CAI.  \nKeywords: achievement, computer animation, conventional method, hybridization, spatial ability  \nINTRODUCTION  \nLearning the concept of hybridization gives students basic ideas about how bonds, molecular formulas, and structures are formed. It also provides the foundation for learning other concepts in chemistry. The interpretation and prediction of the hybridization state of compounds or molecules serve as important basic knowledge in learning most of the concepts in higher chemistry courses in Colleges and Universities. It is important to note that understanding the hybridization concept and being able to distinguish the types and bond angles are required to understand molecular geometry,  \nCitation: Omilani, N. A., & Raji, S. A. (2024) . Effect of computer animation instructional package on students’ achievement in hybridization in chemistry. International Journal of Instruction, 17(3), 435- 452. [https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2024.17324a](https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2024.17324a)  \n436 Effect of Computer Animation Instructional Package on …  \norganic and coordination chemistry, and chemical bonding. Salah and Demon (2011) averred that to understand hybridization, learners must make connections between several abstract quantum model concepts, including electrons, electronic density, molecular orbitals, linear combinations of atoms, atomic orbitals s and p, and orbital symmetry and overlap that adhere to symmetry principles. Nonetheless, several studies have indicated that one of the more challenging and esoteric ideas in chemistry at all levels is the idea of hybridization (Sallah & Dumon, 2011; Jian, 2015; Calis, 2018) . In addition, learners have difficulty learning hybridization because they cannot understand the prerequisite concepts in chemistry (Zoller, 1990) .  \nAmong the important chemical concepts that aid students' understanding of hybridization are molecular, atomic orbitals, Hund’s rule, and Pauli and Aufbau principle","cbCaihrFwDtAHZA5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihrFwDtAHZA5","pdf",377749,18,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n## Research aim and design\n## Instructional intervention and participants\n## Measurement instruments and reliability\n## Data analysis and hypotheses\n## Findings and key implications","[{\"question\":\"What instructional package does the study evaluate for teaching hybridization?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluates a Computer Animation Instructional Package (CAI) designed to support learning of the hybridization concept in chemistry.\"},{\"question\":\"How were students grouped and what teaching methods were compared?\",\"answer\":\"A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design used a control group taught through traditional lectures and an experimental group taught using computer animation.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main outcomes of using CAI on students’ performance?\",\"answer\":\"CAI highly impacted students’ performance in chemical hybridization, and the results indicate gender-friendly instructional characteristics. An interaction effect between gender and spatial ability was also found.\"}]","Effect of Computer Animation Instructional Package on Students’Achievement in Hybridization in Chemistry - Article | PDF",45]