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Results show a positive association between educational attainment and both prevalence and severity: myopia, and especially severe myopia among myopes, was generally higher with more years of formal education.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/educationand-myopia-in-110236-young-singaporean-males/503378/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/educationand-myopia-in-110236-young-singaporean-males/503378.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-10-03",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What 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110,236YOUNGSINGAPOREAN MALES  \nKG Au Eong,TH Tay,MK Lim  \n## ABSTRACT\n\nComputerised data of110,236Singaporean males aged15to 25(mean17.75)years who underwent compulsory medicalexaminationfrom April1987 to January 1992 were used to estimate the prevalence and severity of myopia among young Chinese,Malay,Indianand Eurasian Singaporean males with different educational levels.The prevalence and severity of myopia amongst the groups withdiferent educationallevels were compared.These groups were fairly well-matched for important known confounding factors suchas age,sex,race and degree of urbanisation of place of residence.Our data showed a positive association between educationalattainment and both the prevalence and severity of myopia.Both the prevalence of myopia and the proportion of myopes with severemyopia were in general higher among those with more years of formal education.  \nKeywords:education,intelligence,myopia,near work,visual acuity.  \nSINGAPORE MEDJ1993;Vol 34:489-492  \nattempt to match as closely as possibly the abovementionedvariables will reduce the number of confounding factors andproduce a more accurate picture of the relationship.  \n## INTRODUCTION\n\nThe relationship between educational attainment and myo-pia among young Singaporean males has been previously ana-lysed in a study first reported by Chew SJ et al(10)and laterexpanded by Tay MTH et al(11).It was demonstrated that maleswith higher educational levels in general had higher myopiaprevalence.However,the different educational groups were notstratified into the different major races and since the racialdistributions of males in the differenteducational groups may notbe identical and myopia prevalence is closely related to race(8.9,some bias may be present due to over-representation of certainraces in some of the educational groups.Comparing males of thesame race will eliminate this bias.  \nThis paper is part of a retrospective cross-sectional epide-miologicalstudy of myopia in 110,236young Singaporean maleswho were examined from April 1987 to January 1992.Theassociation between race,culture and myopia in this cohort hasbeen separately reported(12).This paperexamines the relationshipbetween educational attainment and myopia by comparing theprevalence and severity of myopia amongst groups with differenteducational levels after they have been matched for age,sex,raceand degree of urbanisation of place of residence.  \n## SUBJECTS AND METHODS\n\nAll Singaporean males are called up for a compulsory pre-enlistment medical examination and classification at an appro-priate age.There is no screening of any form prior to the medicalexamination.The vast majority of males are medically examinedat 17to 18 years of age(mean age 17.75years)although theiragemay range from 15 to 25 years.  \nA standardised ophthalmic examination is done for all sub-jects as part of the medical examination.This includes thedetermination of monocular unaided distance visual acuity forboth eyes using the Snellen's chart at six metres.  \nThe computerised data of all subjects who were examinedfrom April 1987 to January 1992 were retrieved and reviewed.Only the results for the right eye were analysed.Althoughrefractions for right and left eyes may differ,they are known tobe highly correlated.All subjects except those with impairedunaided vision which could not be corrected by refraction wereincluded inthis study.This madeupatotal of 110,236males.Thissample represents almost theentire male Singaporean populationwho were required to report for medical examination from April1987 to January 1992 and may therefore be considered to befairly representative of the general population of youngSingaporean males in that age group.  \nCohn(1)was the first to observe an increased prevalence ofmyopia among persons characterised by high intellectual abili-ties and academic achievement more than a century ago.Sincethen,many investigators including Goldschmidt(2,Teasdale etal³,Rosner and Belkin(4","cbCairdaug5wyjLd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairdaug5wyjLd","pdf",2931448,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Subjects and Methods","[{\"question\":\"What population and timeframe were used to study myopia?\",\"answer\":\"Computerised records of 110,236 Singaporean males aged 15–25 years were used, based on compulsory examinations from April 1987 to January 1992.\"},{\"question\":\"How were confounding factors handled in comparing educational groups?\",\"answer\":\"Educational groups were matched for age, sex, race, and the degree of urbanisation of the place of residence to reduce confounding effects.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationship was found between educational attainment and myopia?\",\"answer\":\"Higher educational attainment was positively associated with both the prevalence and severity of myopia, with higher rates overall and a greater proportion of severe myopia among myopes.\"}]","EDUCATIONAND MYOPIA IN 110,236YOUNGSINGAPOREAN MALES | PDF",1791055183]