[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-503236-105":59,"doc-detail-503236-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","educationand-myopia-in-110236-young-singaporean-males","EDUCATIONAND MYOPIA IN 110,236YOUNG SINGAPOREAN MALES","","Computerised data of 110,236 Singaporean males aged 15 to 25 (mean 17.75 years) who underwent compulsory medical examination from April 1987 to January 1992 were used to estimate the prevalence and severity of myopia across young Chinese, Malay, Indian and Eurasian groups with different educational levels. Prevalence and severity were compared among educational strata with matching for age, sex, race and residence urbanisation degree. Results show a positive association between educational attainment and both prevalence and severity, with higher proportions of severe myopia among more formally educated males.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/educationand-myopia-in-110236-young-singaporean-males/503236/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/educationand-myopia-in-110236-young-singaporean-males/503236.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"วิน","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-10","2026-10-03",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What data were used to study myopia in young Singaporean males?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Computerised records of 110,236 Singaporean males aged 15 to 25 who underwent compulsory medical examination from April 1987 to January 1992 were analysed.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the study compare myopia across educational levels?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Educational groups were compared after matching for key confounders including age, sex, race, and degree of urbanisation of residence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What relationship was found between educational attainment and myopia?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Educational attainment showed a positive association with both the prevalence and severity of myopia, with higher myopia prevalence and more severe cases among those with more years of formal education.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},503236,1791650862,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":52},2336475104736,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c5e0e5b17e70?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786591360781797222","EDUCATIONAND MYOPIA IN 110,236YOUNGSINGAPOREAN MALES  \nKG Au Eong,TH Tay,MK Lim  \n## ABSTRACT\n\nComputerised data of110,236 Singaporean males aged15to 25(mean 17.75)years who underwent compulsory medical examinationfrom April 1987 toJanuary 1992 were used to estimate the prevalence and severity of myopia amongyoung Chinese,Malay,Indianand Eurasian Singaporean males with different educational levels.The prevalence and severity of myopia amongst the groups withdifferent educational levels were compared.These groups were fairly well-matched for important known confounding factors suchas age,sex,race and degree of urbanisation of place of residence.Our data showed a positive association between educationalattainment and both the prevalence and severity of myopia.Both the prevalence of myopia and the proportion of myopes with severemyopia were in general higher among those with more years of formal education.  \nKeywords:education,intelligence,myopia,near work,visual acuity.  \nSINGAPORE MEDJ1993;Vol 34:489-492  \n## INTRODUCTION\n\nattempt to match as closely as possibly the abovementionedvariables will reduce the number of confounding factors andproduce a more accurate picture of the relationship.  \nCohn(1)was the first to observe an increased prevalence ofmyopia among persons characterised by high intellectual abili-ties and academic achievement more than a century ago.Sincethen,many investigators including Goldschmidt(2),Teasdale etal³,Rosner and Belkin(4),Gawron(5)and Dunphy et al6)haveproduced epidemiological evidences that are consistent withCohn's findings.  \nThe relationship between educational attainment and myo-pia among young Singaporean males has been previously ana-lysed in a study first reported by Chew SJ et al¹0and laterexpanded by Tay MTH et al(1).It was demonstrated that maleswith higher educational levels in general had higher myopiaprevalence.However,the different educational groups were notstratified into the different major races and since the racialdistributions of males inthe differenteducational groupsmay notbe identical and myopia prevalence is closely related to racef⁸.9),some bias may be present due to over-representation of certainraces in some of the educational groups.Comparing males of thesame race will eliminate this bias.  \nGoldschmidt(2)found the frequency of myopia of any degreeamong male Danish army conscripts in 1964 was 5.7%amongunskilled workers,and this increased steadily through groupswith intermediate education to 38.7%among men with grammarschool or university education.More recently Teasdale et al³,who also studiedyoung men being drafted for military service inDenmark,showed that myopes of all degrees had significantlyhigher educational levels and intelligence test scores than non-myopes.A strong association of myopia with both years ofschool attendance and intelligence was also reported by Rosnerand Belkin(4)in a nationwide study involving 157,748 Jewishmales aged 17 to 19 years.They found that the prevalence ofmyopia was significantly higher in the more educated and moreintelligent groups.Myopic military recruits were also shown byGawron(5to have completed higher levels of education thanthose who were not myopic.In the United States,Dunphy et al⁶found myopia to be more frequent in academic populations thanamong unselected populations of young men.  \nThis paper is part of a retrospective cross-sectional epide-miological study ofmyopiain 110,236young Singaporean maleswho were examined from April 1987 to January 1992.Theassociation between race,culture and myopia in this cohort hasbeen separately reported(12).This paperexamines therelationshipbetween educational attainment and myopia by comparing theprevalence and severity ofmyopia amongst groups with differenteducational levels after they have been matched for age,sex,raceand degree of urbanisation of place of residence.  \n## SUBJECTS AND METHODS\n\nAll Singaporean males are called up for a compulsory pre-enlistment medical examination and clas","cbCaijtgeLXKHsnb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijtgeLXKHsnb","pdf",94135,"English","# ABSTRACT\n# INTRODUCTION\n# SUBJECTS AND METHODS","[{\"question\":\"What data were used to study myopia in young Singaporean males?\",\"answer\":\"Computerised records of 110,236 Singaporean males aged 15 to 25 who underwent compulsory medical examination from April 1987 to January 1992 were analysed.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the study compare myopia across educational levels?\",\"answer\":\"Educational groups were compared after matching for key confounders including age, sex, race, and degree of urbanisation of residence.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationship was found between educational attainment and myopia?\",\"answer\":\"Educational attainment showed a positive association with both the prevalence and severity of myopia, with higher myopia prevalence and more severe cases among those with more years of formal education.\"}]","EDUCATIONAND MYOPIA IN 110,236YOUNG SINGAPOREAN MALES | PDF",1791052327]