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Findings highlight average age differences, farming tenure, and the distribution of formal schooling among respondents, offering rural policy context for supporting immigrant agriculture.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/educational-interests-needs-and-learning-preferences-of-immigrant-farmers/582361/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/educational-interests-needs-and-learning-preferences-of-immigrant-farmers/582361.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Margaret","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-11","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What groups does the report focus on when studying immigrant farmers' learning preferences?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It concentrates on Hmong farmers and Hispanic/Latino farmers, comparing how they arrived, farmed, and responded to the survey questions about education and learning interests.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How was the survey conducted for Hmong and Latino respondents?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Most surveys were administered verbally. 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In some states, immigrants are making small farming enclaves, such as Sikh farmers in California, Old Believer Russiansin western Oregon, and West Africans in Maryland (NIFI) . Other immigrants quickly assimilate, often marry local people, and can only be distinguished from their neighbors by their accents. Some assimilated immigrant farmers came to this country with agriculture degrees to work on large farms and have since started their own farms.  \nHispanics are the most diverse group of immigrants and include groups that have formed their own enclaves and those who have assimilated. In states with large commercial fruit or vegetable production, like Washington and Michigan, many Hispanics started out as farm laborers and either worked into managerial positions before buying their own land or saved up enough money to buy their own land. In those cases, they are farming the same crops that they previously worked with, applying the knowledge gained by picking and weeding a crop to start their own businesses (Rhodes and Hughes, 2004) . Other Hispanic farmers started out as factory workers and bought land so that they could raise their children away from  \nThaddeus McCamant has a doctorate in botany and is the specialty crops management instructor for Central Lakes College in Staples, teaching farmers around the state on topics such as disease and pest control, soil fertility, legal compliance, and business plans.  \nThe Center for Rural Policy and Development, based in St. Peter, Minn., is a private, not-for-profit policy research organization dedicated to benefiting Minnesota by providing its policy makers with an unbiased evaluation of issues from a rural perspective.  \nurban problems (Ariza, 2009) .  \nOfficials in most states see the increase in immigrant farmers as a good trend. There is a strong history of immigrants coming to this country and starting their own farms, both as enclaves and as workers. Many towns in rural Minnesota started out as enclaves of German, Dutch, or Scandinavian farmers. Government officials see the new immigrants as an effective way to stem the loss of population from rural areas and to meet the rising demand for locally grown vegetables (Lewis, 2009) .  \nImmigrant Farmer Characteristics  \nA survey was given to immigrant farmers in late October and early November 2012. Most surveys were administered verbally. The Hmong surveys were conducted by the Hmong American Farmers Association, where hired people administered the survey verbally. The Latino surveys were administered by Juan Carlos Cervantes and by the Latino Economic Development Center (LEDC) . For the Hmong survey, people hired to conduct the survey translated the survey verbally from English to Hmong while they were giving the survey. The LEDC translated the written survey into Spanish prior to giving the survey. Some of the Spanish surveys were given verbally, while others filled out the surveys themselves.  \nImmigrants are normally reluctant to  \ntake surveys, and the normal reluctance was exacerbated by the presidential election, when people were suspicious of receiving unsolicited calls. In the end, we received 41 completed Hmong-language surveys and 45 completed Spanish-language surveys.  \nThe Hmong data was separated between men and women, but since as a rule there were few differences in educational interests between men and women, most of the data below shows the responses of men and women combined. In the Latino survey, there were a number of answers left blank on many questi","cbCaiqXqte4ryLOf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqXqte4ryLOf","pdf",284272,16,"English","# Immigrant farming context\n# Immigrant Farmer Characteristics\n## Survey administration and participation\n## Demographic characteristics\n## Educational interests and education level\n## Country of birth","[{\"question\":\"What groups does the report focus on when studying immigrant farmers' learning preferences?\",\"answer\":\"It concentrates on Hmong farmers and Hispanic/Latino farmers, comparing how they arrived, farmed, and responded to the survey questions about education and learning interests.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the survey conducted for Hmong and Latino respondents?\",\"answer\":\"Most surveys were administered verbally. Hmong surveys were conducted by the Hmong American Farmers Association with interpreters translating from English to Hmong, while Latino surveys were administered by individuals and organizations and involved both translated written surveys and self-completed or verbally delivered versions.\"},{\"question\":\"What demographic differences does the report report for Hmong and Hispanic farmers?\",\"answer\":\"The report reports that Hmong respondents had a higher average age than Hispanics, with notable gender proportions in each group, and it provides comparative information on farming tenure and concerns about farmers growing older.\"}]","Educational Interests, Needs and Learning Preferences of Immigrant Farmers | PDF",1792043128]