[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-382812-105":59,"doc-detail-382812-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","educational-case-hereditary-breast-and-ovarian-cancers","Educational Case - Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers","","Educational Case: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers presents a fictional patient scenario designed for pathology education under the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME). The case focuses on breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, guiding learners through competencies in disease mechanisms, organ system pathology, and diagnostic/therapeutic pathology. It includes a patient presentation with family history, clinical breast and pelvic findings, and discussion questions addressing BRCA1/BRCA2 molecular roles and cancer risk estimates by age 70.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/educational-case-hereditary-breast-and-ovarian-cancers/382812/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/educational-case-hereditary-breast-and-ovarian-cancers/382812.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Terk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are the molecular functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in DNA repair?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes involved in repairing double-stranded DNA breaks via homologous recombination. BRCA1 also participates in transcriptional regulation after DNA damage and in damage-responsive cell-cycle checkpoints, while additional BRCA2 functions are less clear.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does a pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant affect breast cancer risk by age 70?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Pathogenic germline variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 significantly increase breast cancer risk. The case states a 40–65% risk of developing breast cancer by age 70 for females with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, compared with about 12% in the general female population.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How is tubo-ovarian cancer risk different in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers versus the general population?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The general population risk is about 1–2%, while the case gives higher estimates for carriers: 44% for BRCA1 and 17% for BRCA2. The case also notes that related cancers may be of fallopian tube origin.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},382812,1790537093,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":105},1099525198933,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Contents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nAcademic Pathology 10/3 (2023) 100091  \nAcademic Pathology  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/academic-pathology)[ www.journals.elsevier.com/academic-pathology](homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/academic-pathology)  \nEducational Case  \nEducational Case: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers  \nJerome P. Givi, MPH a, *, Hannah W. Hazard-Jenkins, MDb, Melina Flanagan, MD a  \na Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA b West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA  \nThe following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see [https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/academic-pathology/about/pathology-competencies-for-medical-education-pcme](https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/academic-pathology/about/pathology-competencies-for-medical-education-pcme.1)[.](https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/academic-pathology/about/pathology-competencies-for-medical-education-pcme.1)[1](https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/academic-pathology/about/pathology-competencies-for-medical-education-pcme.1)  \nKeywords: BRCA, Breast, Breast cancer susceptibility genes, Molecular basis of breast neoplasms, Organ system pathology, Pathology competencies  \n\n| Primary objective\u003Cbr>Objective BR2.4: Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes. For the most common breast cancer susceptibility genes, describe the normal function of the gene product, incidence of gene mutation, reasons for its association with cancer, percentage of hereditary breast cancer, and risk of breast cancer by age 70.\u003Cbr>Competency 2: Organ System Pathology; Topic BR: Breast; Learning Goal 2: Molecular Basis of Breast Neoplasms.\u003Cbr>Patient presentation\u003Cbr>A24-year-old woman presents to the clinic because her mother had been identified as a heterozygous carrier of a pathogenic BRCA1 nonsense mutation, and she is interested in knowing her own cancer risk. The patient's mother had been diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma at the age of 48 years. She also reports a history of ovarian carcinoma in her aunt (mother's sister) at age 53, who is now 58 and whose disease is in remission, and invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast in her maternal grandmother, which was diagnosed at age 50. Her maternal grandmother passed away at age 52 because of the illness. The patient is nulliparous and has one 28-year-old brother with no medical problems. The remaining family history is negative. The patient does not smoke and drinks 1–2 glasses of wine on the weekends. She is 162 cm tall and weighs 58 kg (BMI ¼ 22.1). She jogs 4 | miles 3–4 times per week, is sexually active with her partner of five years, and uses condoms for contraception.\u003Cbr>Diagnostic findings, Part 1\u003Cbr>The patient appears anxious. Clinical breast examination reveals no masses or skin abnormalities. Nipples are rounded, everted, equal in size, and have no discharge. No palpable nodes are appreciated in the axilla. Clinical pelvic exam shows external genitalia without erythema, exudate, or discharge. No lesions are seen on the cervix, and the uterus is normal size with no masses. The adnexa are without masses or tenderness.\u003Cbr>Questions/discussion points, Part 1\u003Cbr>What are the molecular functions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, respectively?\u003Cbr>BRCA1 (breast cancer susceptibility gene 1) and BRCA2 (breast cancer susceptibility gene 2) are tumor suppressor genes that code for proteins with roles in the repair of double-stranded breaks in DNA via homologous recombination. BRCA1 protein is also involved in the transcriptional regulation ","cbCaibLtHSvrPycf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibLtHSvrPycf","pdf",1707423,"English","# Educational Case: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers\n## Learning objectives and competencies (PCME)\n## Patient presentation\n## Diagnostic findings, Part 1\n## Questions and discussion points, Part 1\n## Cancer risks associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2","[{\"question\":\"What are the molecular functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in DNA repair?\",\"answer\":\"BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes involved in repairing double-stranded DNA breaks via homologous recombination. BRCA1 also participates in transcriptional regulation after DNA damage and in damage-responsive cell-cycle checkpoints, while additional BRCA2 functions are less clear.\"},{\"question\":\"How does a pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant affect breast cancer risk by age 70?\",\"answer\":\"Pathogenic germline variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 significantly increase breast cancer risk. The case states a 40–65% risk of developing breast cancer by age 70 for females with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, compared with about 12% in the general female population.\"},{\"question\":\"How is tubo-ovarian cancer risk different in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers versus the general population?\",\"answer\":\"The general population risk is about 1–2%, while the case gives higher estimates for carriers: 44% for BRCA1 and 17% for BRCA2. The case also notes that related cancers may be of fallopian tube origin.\"}]","Educational Case - Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers | PDF",1790252525]