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Mixed-effects models test education-system characteristics using RMSE, comparing baseline approaches with models adding factors such as free higher education policy, access rules, and educational expenditures.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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María Santarellim.m.santarelli@tilburguniversity.eduSTUDENT NUMBER: 2067598  \nTHESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OFMASTER OF SCIENCE IN DATA SCIENCE & SOCIETY  \nDEPARTMENT OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCESCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND DIGITAL SCIENCES  \nTILBURG UNIVERSITY  \nThesis committee:  \nDr. Bruno NicenboimMSc. Lisa Rombout  \nTilburg University  \nSchool of Humanities and Digital SciencesDepartment of Cognitive Science & Artificial IntelligenceTilburg, The NetherlandsJanuary 2022Word count: 8389  \nPreface  \nNelson Mandela said “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”(Mandela, n.d.) . I agree with his statement and this is why I believe education systems must be under constantanalysis in order to identify flaws and improve them, especially in developing countries. I hope you enjoy theread.  \nEducation systems in Latin American countries,  \npredicting participants performance on a vocabulary test  \nMagdalena M. Santarelli  \nEducation level has been used asan indicator of vocabulary knowledge in several studies. Despite previousinvestigations, the characteristics of education systems vary among countries. Therefore, the goal of theresearch is to obtain the main features of education systems that help to predict participants'performanceon a vocabulary task. Moreover, the study aims to know the effects that the characteristics that improvemodel prediction, have on vocabulary domain. Mixed-effects models were tested to consider variabilityamong participants of different countries, given that the data set contained clustered data. Hence differentcharacteristics of education systems were tested in six different models that were compared an evaluatedusing RMSE as an indicator. Two baseline models (one including only highly educated participants andone containing all participants) were compared with four more models that added one educationcharacteristic variable at a time: mandatory level of education for each country, how students have toaccess the higher education, whether higher education is free or not and the expenditure in highereducation as a percentage of GDP for each country. The research found that the only characteristic thatimproves the model's predictive performance is the free higher education policy each country adopts.Moreover, participants from countries that provide free higher education are expected to enhance theirperformance on the vocabulary task.  \n# Data source and code\n\nThe data used for the research study was downloaded from the SPALEX database, freely available athttps://figshare.com/projects/SPALEX/29722 . The original owner of the data used in this thesis retainsownership of the data during and after the completion of this thesis.  \nThe code used in this thesis is publicly available athttps://github.com/mmsantarelli/Education-systems-LATAM.git  \n# Introduction\n\nReading comprehension and learning vocabulary are oneof the first steps in the educational life of anystudent. Learning to read is a rather long and complex process that requires developing different skills andabilities. Furthermore, it is necessary to create different aptitudes and capacities, such as effort, attention,and motivation to control and correct what one is trying to do (Dehaene, 2015) . Learning words is a  \npowerful tool that will necessarily entail a higher level of education. Moreover, education has been used asa control variable in several studies regarding vocabulary size (Keuleers, 2015), (Aguasvivas, 2020) .  \nTherefore, it can be assumed that knowledge of the word domain is associated with formal education.As education increases, vocabulary -in terms of word complexity- is expected to grow at hand with it(Keuleers, 2015) . Education is one of the main drivers ofa country's development. As such, governmentsmust have systems tha","cbCaicrTOgfq28PZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicrTOgfq28PZ","pdf",1154562,"English","# Preface\n# Data source and code\n# Introduction\n## 1.1 Context\n## 1.2 Research questions","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of the research?\",\"answer\":\"To determine the key features of Latin American education systems that help predict participants’ performance on a vocabulary task.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the prediction modeled and evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"Mixed-effects models are used to account for variability among participants from different countries, and models are compared using RMSE.\"},{\"question\":\"Which education-system characteristic improves predictive performance?\",\"answer\":\"The only characteristic reported as improving model performance is the free higher education policy adopted by each country.\"}]","Education systems in Latin American countries - predicting participants performance on a vocabulary test | PDF",1790644876,101]