[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-601937-105":59,"doc-detail-601937-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","education-reform-journal-volume-4-number-2","Education Reform Journal - Volume 4 - Number 2","","This study evaluates higher education financing, management, distribution, and audit in Turkey by comparing practices with OECD countries, aiming to generate actionable suggestions for Turkey. Although Turkey’s number of higher education institutions has increased, allocable-resource management, distribution, and audit systems are assessed as not yet reaching advanced OECD levels. Using comparative education, literature review, and content analysis, the study groups findings by themes and proposes greater financial autonomy, block-based resource distribution, and an autonomous higher education financial audit system.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/education-reform-journal-volume-4-number-2/601937/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/education-reform-journal-volume-4-number-2/601937.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-16","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study aim to achieve regarding Turkey’s higher education system?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines and evaluates higher education financing, management, distribution, and audit in Turkey compared with OECD countries, then develops suggestions applicable to Turkey.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does the study consider Turkey’s current systems behind OECD benchmarks?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It assesses that, despite growth in the number of higher education institutions, allocable-resource management, distribution, and audit systems are not at an advanced OECD level.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which main measures does the study propose to improve the use of allocated resources?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It recommends financial autonomy for higher education institutions, block-based resource distribution, and establishing an autonomous higher education financial audit system.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601937,1792172432,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090894170,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Education Reform Journal Volume 4 Number 2 , 2019  \ne-ISSN: 2602-3997 [http://dx.doi.org/10.22596/erj2019.04.02.54.70](http://dx.doi.org/10.22596/erj2019.04.02.54.70)  \nA Model Proposal for Higher Education Financing, Management, Distribution and Audit in Turkey by Evaluating the Practices in OECD  \nCountries  \nHaydar Ates 1   \nSubmitted: December 8, 2019; Accepted: December 28, 2019; Published Online: December 31, 2019  \nAbstract  \nIn this study; it is aimed to examine and evaluate the Higher Education Financing, Management Distribution and Audit in Turkey in comparison with OECD countries and to develop suggestions applicable for Turkey, based on the effective use of allocated financial resources for Higher Education Management, Financing, Distribution and Audit. Despite the increase in the number of higher education institutions in Turkey, it is evaluated that management, distribution and audit systems of allocable resources are not on advanced OECD countries' level. Therefore, in the study; in order to use the allocated resources effectively and efficiently, to train the manpower required for country and global competition; some of the systems applied in developed countries (England, Netherland, S. Korea, Poland, and Chile) within the scope of management, distribution and audit, which are among the sub-dimensions of higher education financing, are examined by using comparative education method. This research is “descriptive” and reaching the result is tried by evaluating the information obtained through \"literature review” and “content analysis\" . In the analysis of the data obtained in the research; firstly, the data were grouped according to the “themes\" that were formed about the questions to be answered in \"sub-problems\" . In the management of finance, with the introduction of paid higher education services, it is suggested to give full financial autonomy to the administrations of higher education institutions and to establish an autonomous structure that can realize this, to distribute resources to higher education institutions in “blocks\" and to establish an autonomous higher education financial audit system.  \nKeywords: Higher Education Management, Higher Education Financing, OECD  \nIntroduction  \nAccording to the theory of public economy, public services consist of 4 groups: Full Public, SemiPublic, Private and Virtuous Services. Semi-public services are services that can be produced by the state or other public legal entities, divisible and marketable, and therefore priced when necessary (Soyler, 2009) . Higher education is in the semi-public services group due to its direct personal and indirect social benefits.  \nHigher education is the level of education with the highest individual return and important for professional development in developed and developing countries (Albrecht and Ziderman, 1992) . Further dissemination of higher education and increasing participation rates have become political goals. In recent years, higher education systems in Europe, rapid increase in student enrollment, a relative decline in public finances as well as a shortage of private funding has led to increase in the importance of innovation and research in the global and knowledge-based economy. Higher education institutions are undergoing a major transformation which is affected by national and international developments such as wider competition (Eurydice, 2010) .  \n1 University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, [ORCID 0000-0003-1961-8954], [hates@thk.edu.tr](hates@thk.edu.tr)  \nKavak (2010) argues that Turkey is experiencing deficiencies in human capital. Population with higher education in Turkey is 10% . The EU 2020 target is 40% and the US target is 60% . Turkey's objectives are to be integrated into the EU and in 2023 being among the world's top 10 economies. Therefore, even if resources cannot accompany growth, pressure on growth will continue. This shows that financing of higher education should be one of the priority ","cbCaijpw9B5kLQLo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijpw9B5kLQLo","pdf",720862,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Public economy and higher education\n## Financing justice, efficiency, and mobilization\n## Relationship between financing and management systems\n## Anglo-Saxon model\n## Continental European model","[{\"question\":\"What does the study aim to achieve regarding Turkey’s higher education system?\",\"answer\":\"It examines and evaluates higher education financing, management, distribution, and audit in Turkey compared with OECD countries, then develops suggestions applicable to Turkey.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the study consider Turkey’s current systems behind OECD benchmarks?\",\"answer\":\"It assesses that, despite growth in the number of higher education institutions, allocable-resource management, distribution, and audit systems are not at an advanced OECD level.\"},{\"question\":\"Which main measures does the study propose to improve the use of allocated resources?\",\"answer\":\"It recommends financial autonomy for higher education institutions, block-based resource distribution, and establishing an autonomous higher education financial audit system.\"}]","Education Reform Journal - Volume 4 - Number 2 | PDF",1792093725,43]