[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-595338-105":59,"doc-detail-595338-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","education-markets-and-the-contradictions-of-asia-australia-relations","Education - markets and the contradictions of Asia-Australia relations","","Explores how Australia’s export of educational services policy reshapes higher education amid deregulation, market incentives, and changing campus demographics. Traces the growth of full-fee overseas enrolments—especially from Asian countries—and links it to broader political rhetoric about Asia, identity, and cultural sensitivity. Argues that economic-focused analyses miss cultural and pedagogic formation tensions, where education is treated as a commodity yet intersects with colonial legacies and postcolonial knowledge.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/education-markets-and-the-contradictions-of-asia-australia-relations/595338/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/education-markets-and-the-contradictions-of-asia-australia-relations/595338.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blitz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What policy changes drove the export of educational services in Australia?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The Commonwealth Government encouraged Australian universities to market educational services overseas in a deregulatory political climate, later structured by Federal Acts such as the 1991 Educational Services for Overseas Students Act.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did overseas student numbers in Australian universities change from 1987 to 1992?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Full-fee paying overseas student numbers rose from 1,019 in 1987 to 30,296 in 1992, and total overseas student numbers increased from 17,248 to 39,490.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the paper argue that economic issues cannot be separated from cultural concerns?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It contends the policy is implicated not only in funding and organization but also in how ethnic and regional relations are structured, so cultural formation, pedagogy, and colonial viewing of “Asia” and “Asians” remain central.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595338,1792925976,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":81,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":39,"preview_page_count":4},24464137899374,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Over the past six years,the Commonwealth Government hasactively encouraged Australian universities to ‘markct'cducationalservices overseas.In a deregulatory political climate,most universi-ties have seized the opportunities provided by this policy change,viewing the export of educational services as one way of overcomingsome of the fiscal problems they confront.Their entrepreneurialefforts have been extensive,focussed largely on attracting full fee-paying overseas students,but also in selling information technologiesand consultancy services.Together,these initiatives have becomewidely known as the ‘export ofeducational services'policy,governedby a series of Federal Acts,a recent example of which is theEducational Services for Overseas Students(Registration and Provid-ers and Financial Regulation)Act 1991.  \nAs a result of the policy,the total number of overseas students inAustralian universities has increased from 17,248 in 1987 to 39,490in 1992,with full-fee paying overseas student numbers increasing inthe same period from 1,019 to 30,296(National Report on AustralianHigher Education Sector 1993,p.60).Of the full-fee paying students,  \n7,024 are from Hong Kong,7833 from Malaysia and 4,392 fromSingapore.Students from Asian countries thus represent almost 70pcr cent of the ull-fee paying student population in Australianuniversities.  \nThis increase in full-fee paying students from Asian countries hasoccurred within a wider context of changes to the political rhetoricabout the nced for Australia “to become a part of Asia”,to forge a newregional identity,and to become less Eurocentric and more sensitiveto Asian cultures.The Garnaut Report(1990)suggests,for example,that Australia's economic links within the region require new culturalrelationships with its Asian neighbours.Exactly how this emphasison cultural exchange is linked to the marketing practices of Australianhigher education is a complex issue,involving a range of social,economic,political and industrial concerns.  \nFor Australian universities,the policy of the export of educationalservices has brought a number of new challenges.Universities nowhave to work in a competitive environment which has undermnedsome of their traditional educational values.They are now confrontedwith some serious questions about the changes they need to make inresponse to not only the new market-orientated policy environmentbut also the new demographics on the campuses.In administrativeterms,the export of educational services policy has created pressurestowards a more comprehensive deregulation of higher education,withuniversities now required to engage in a range of market practices.Incurriculum terms,the policy has major implications for the manner inwhich universities deal with issues concerning the changing characterof Australian perceptions of Asia³,and of Australia's regionalidentity.  \nIt would be true to claim,however,that the response of Australianuniversities to these issues has been a limited one.While every majoruniversity has found it necessary to establish an International Educa-tion Office,this administrative initiative has been concemed largelywith commercial rewards.Issues of curriculum and pedagogy havenot been seriously addressed.  \nYet,the export of educational services policy s not culturally  \n# Education,markets and the contradictionsof Asia-Australia relations\n\nDon Alexander and Fazal Rizvi  \nThe Uaiversity ofQueemsn  \nneutral.It is centrally implicated in issues concerning not only themanner in which higher education is funded and organised but morewidely with the way ethnic relations within Australia,and regionalrelations outside it,are structured.Yet most analyses of the policyhave focussed on the economic aspects,cspecially on the patterns ofcosts and benefits and marketing strategies (see for example,Harris&Jarrott 1990).What has often been overlooked is the fact that,in anarea as complex as this,economic issues cannot be so easily separatedrom political and cultural ","cbCaipkxC6NFXkYp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipkxC6NFXkYp","pdf",287182,"English","# Introduction\n# Reflexive modernity","[{\"question\":\"What policy changes drove the export of educational services in Australia?\",\"answer\":\"The Commonwealth Government encouraged Australian universities to market educational services overseas in a deregulatory political climate, later structured by Federal Acts such as the 1991 Educational Services for Overseas Students Act.\"},{\"question\":\"How did overseas student numbers in Australian universities change from 1987 to 1992?\",\"answer\":\"Full-fee paying overseas student numbers rose from 1,019 in 1987 to 30,296 in 1992, and total overseas student numbers increased from 17,248 to 39,490.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the paper argue that economic issues cannot be separated from cultural concerns?\",\"answer\":\"It contends the policy is implicated not only in funding and organization but also in how ethnic and regional relations are structured, so cultural formation, pedagogy, and colonial viewing of “Asia” and “Asians” remain central.\"}]","Education - markets and the contradictions of Asia-Australia relations | PDF",1792080945]