[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-583010-105":59,"doc-detail-583010-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","education-gender-and-family-formation-research-discussion-paper","Education, gender and family formation - Research discussion paper","","Study of how educational attainment influences family formation uses regression discontinuity designs built from Finland’s centralized admissions to secondary and tertiary education. Admission at either margin does not raise men’s likelihood of forming families, while women admitted show higher probabilities of living with a partner and having children. Two preregistered mechanism hypotheses are tested with survey data. Results indicate men’s education effects reflect selection, whereas for women education may increase attractiveness as social-skills returns shift childcare burdens toward parents, especially mothers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/education-gender-and-family-formation-research-discussion-paper/583010/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/education-gender-and-family-formation-research-discussion-paper/583010.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rhys","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does education affect family formation differently for men and women in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Admission to further education does not increase men’s likelihood of forming families. For women, admission is associated with greater likelihood of living with a partner and having children.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What research design is used to estimate the causal effect of education?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The paper uses regression discontinuity designs based on centralized admissions processes to secondary and tertiary education in Finland.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What mechanisms does the paper test to explain the gender-specific results?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The authors preregister and test two mechanism hypotheses using survey data. The findings suggest men’s observed education-family association is driven by selection, while for women the pattern is consistent with education increasing partner attractiveness as social-skills returns shift childcare burden toward parents, especially mothers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},583010,1792075111,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687207024643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Discussion Paper  \nISSN 2042-2695  \nNo. 2011 June 2024  \nEducation, gender and family formation  \nHanna Virtanen Mikko Silliman Tiina Kuuppelomäki Kristiina Huttunen  \nAbstract  \nWe study the effect of educational attainment on family formation using regression discontinuity designs generated by centralized admissions processes to both secondary and tertiary education in Finland. Admission to further education at either margin does not increase the likelihood that men form families. In contrast, women admitted to further education are more likely to both live with a partner and have children. We then pre-register and test two hypotheses which could explain each set of results using survey data. These suggest that the positive association between men’s education and family formation observed in the data is driven by selection. For women, our estimates are consistent with the idea that, as increased returns to social skills shift the burden of child development from schools to parents and particularly mothers, education can make women more attractive as potential partners.  \nKey words: family, education, gender  \nJEL: J13; I26  \nThis paper was produced as part of the Centre’s Education and Skills Programme. The Centre for Economic Performance is financed by the Economic and Social Research Council.  \nWe are grateful to seminar participants at the London School of Economics (CEP), National Bureau for Economic Research, Nordic Summer Institute in Labor Economics, Norwegian School of Economics (FAIR), Rockwool Foundation – Copenhagen, Stockholm University (SOFI), Turku School of Economics, University of Bergen, University of Oslo, and University of Warwick/CAGE as well as Abi Adams-Prassl, Aline Butikofer, Ciprian Domnisoru, Matthias Doepke, Jarkko Harju, Anna Hochleitner, Kaisa Kotakorpi, Otto Kässi, Katrine Loken, Tuomas Pekkarinen, Kjell Salvanes, Jutta Viinikainen and Alexander Willen for comments. We are also thankful for funding from The Strategic Research Council (grant: 345218); Hanna is grateful for funding from the Research Council of Finland (grant: 356402); Mikko is grateful for funding from the Research Council of Finland (grants: 358924 and 358946); and Tiina is also grateful for funding from Palkansaajasäätiö . After conducting the main analyses, we preregistered our hypotheses regarding mechanisms and collection of novel survey data at the Open Science Foundation: [https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5UWR8. All](https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5UWR8. All) errors are our own.  \nHanna Virtanen, Etla Economic Research and Centre for Economic Performance at London School of Economics. Mikko Silliman, Norwegian School of Economics. Tiina Kuuppelomäki, Labour Institute for Economic Research. Kristiina Huttunen, Aalto University.  \nPublished by  \nCentre for Economic Performance  \nLondon School of Economic and Political Science Houghton Street  \nLondon WC2A 2AE  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published.  \nRequests for permission to reproduce any article or part of the Working Paper should be sent to the editor at the above address.  \n􀂔 H. Virtanen, M. Silliman, T. Kuuppelomäki and K. Huttunen, submitted 2024 .  \nIn response to the wide-ranging consequences of falling fertility rates, governments across high income countries are considering how to increase rates of family formation (Harper, 2014 ; OECD, 2021) . A focus of these efforts has often been either on men with low levels of education, who are the least likely to form families (Miettinen et al., 2015 ; Greenwood et al., 2016 ; Jalovaara et al., 2019), or on making career and family more compatible for highly educated women (Baudin et al., 2015 ; Bertrand et al., 2021 ; Goldin, 2021) . Despite significant scientific interest","cbCaihER7W2omXfS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihER7W2omXfS","pdf",1411237,76,"English","# Abstract\n# Key findings\n# Motivation and related evidence\n# Gender differences and mechanisms\n# Policy context and Finland patterns\n# Authors and publication information","[{\"question\":\"How does education affect family formation differently for men and women in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Admission to further education does not increase men’s likelihood of forming families. For women, admission is associated with greater likelihood of living with a partner and having children.\"},{\"question\":\"What research design is used to estimate the causal effect of education?\",\"answer\":\"The paper uses regression discontinuity designs based on centralized admissions processes to secondary and tertiary education in Finland.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanisms does the paper test to explain the gender-specific results?\",\"answer\":\"The authors preregister and test two mechanism hypotheses using survey data. The findings suggest men’s observed education-family association is driven by selection, while for women the pattern is consistent with education increasing partner attractiveness as social-skills returns shift childcare burden toward parents, especially mothers.\"}]","Education, gender and family formation - Research discussion paper | PDF",1792045313,192]