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It highlights Kant’s view of enlightenment as “man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity” and the importance of reason in moral thought.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What makes an action count as duty for Kant?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Duty requires performing the right action for the right reason. The notes state that duty is not self-interest or emotion, and it emphasizes that inclinations and emotions are too changeable to guide ethics reliably.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What is the difference between categorical and hypothetical imperatives?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Hypothetical imperatives are “if…” commands, tied to conditions like wanting a good grade. 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They should investigate social, political and cultural influences on Kant’s ethical theory, duty-based ethics, the categorical imperative in its different formulations, prima facie duties, and contemporary applications of rule and dutybased ethics. | \u003Cbr>zlajo / 123RF |\n\nThis topic within the specification focuses on the differing approaches to Ethics that are found in the work of Kant and Aristotle and how these have been applied in amore modern context. Kantian ethics is deontological focusing on the action and the motive behind it whereas Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics is more agent centred focusing on the person carrying out the action and considering their character, this sub-section explores Kantian deontology looking at a number of ideas  \n• The background influences on Kant’s ethical theory  \n• The concept of Duty  \n• The Categorical Imperative  \n• Prima-facie duties and modern applications  \n\n| Topics | What students need to learn |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 5 Deontology, Virtue Ethics and the works of scholars | 5.1 | a) Kantian deontology – social, political and cultural influences on\u003Cbr>Kant’s ethical theory, duty-based ethics, the categorical imperative in its different formulations, prima facie duties, and\u003Cbr>contemporary applications of rule and duty-based ethics. With reference to the ideas of W D Ross and T Nagel. |\n\nEdexcel GCE A level Religious Studies Spotlight on...Kantian deontology  \nPage 1 of 6  \nA Spotlight on…  \n5.1 (a) Kantian deontology  \nOne important background to Kant’s Philosophy is the enlightenment. This was an intellectual movement and cultural movement that expressed confidence in the ability of human beings to make progress. This confidence was largely due to achievements in science of thinkers such as Isaac Newton. The motto of the enlightenment movement was ‘dare to know’. Kant himself describes the enlightenment as ‘man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity’. The importance of human reasoning and its ability to find answers for itself is a key feature of Kant’s philosophy including his ethical thinking. At the time of Kant’s writings various sceptical challenges had been posed by thinkers such as Hume who were more cautious about what human reasoning could achieve. Kant’s writings attempt to respond to some of these challenges. Often enlightenment thinkers were anti-religious seeing religion as hindering human progress. Whilst Kant does not go that far, he does argue that religion should be ‘within the limits of reason alone’.  \nResource  \nThere is an excellent introduction chapter on Kant as a whole in‘A Beginners’ Guide to Ideas’ (Raeper & Smith) and Roger Scruton’s ‘Kant: avery short introduction’, gives a useful insight to Kant's work. Internet Encyclopaedias additionally provide a useful overview of the enlightenment.  \nKant’s ideas on duty stem from his idea of a ‘Good Will’. It is essential that we perform the right action for the right reason. Duty is that which we rationally work out that we ought to do. One way to understand this is to think of professions where there are duties such as police officers or teachers. A policewoman has a duty to intervene when she sees a crime committed regardless of the chance of success or her feelings on the issue. Similarly, a teacher has a duty to deliver the curriculum even the bits they dislike or disagree with. Kant believes that all human beings have moral duties that they must act upon.  \nIn ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals’Kant notes that two things that‘duty’ is not. Duty is not doing something for our own self-interest or our emotions. He gives the example of a shopkeeper who is helpful and honest to customers because he believes he will make more money that way. For Kant, this is not acting out of duty, as the motive and the action both matter. ","cbCaihrXZAQU2KsJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihrXZAQU2KsJ","pdf",435396,"English","# 5 Deontology, Virtue Ethics and the works of scholars\n## 5.1 (a) Kantian deontology\n## Background influences on Kant’s ethical theory\n## Duty, the Good Will, and moral motivation\n## Duty vs self-interest, emotion, and consequences\n## Imperatives: categorical and hypothetical\n## Tests for categorical imperatives","[{\"question\":\"How did the Enlightenment influence Kant’s ethical thinking?\",\"answer\":\"The material links Kant’s ethics to the Enlightenment as an intellectual and cultural movement emphasizing human progress through science and reasoning. It highlights Kant’s view of enlightenment as “man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity” and the importance of reason in moral thought.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes an action count as duty for Kant?\",\"answer\":\"Duty requires performing the right action for the right reason. The notes state that duty is not self-interest or emotion, and it emphasizes that inclinations and emotions are too changeable to guide ethics reliably.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between categorical and hypothetical imperatives?\",\"answer\":\"Hypothetical imperatives are “if…” commands, tied to conditions like wanting a good grade. Categorical imperatives are absolute, without an “if,” and include commands such as “Do not kill,” which we have a duty to act on.\"}]","Edexcel GCE A level Religious Studies - A Spotlight on... - 5.1 (a) Kantian deontology | PDF",1792472913,15]