[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-38852-en":3,"doc-seo-38852-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},38852,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1782109480056885918",8,"Research & Report","Economic Nationalism Theory, History and Prospects","Economic nationalism is examined through both theoretical clarification and empirical assessment. A precise definition frames economic nationalism as practices that create, strengthen and protect national economies within world markets, rather than a vague catch-all label. The historical review traces its rise in the late nineteenth century, crisis-driven momentum after 1929, and institutionalisation after 1945. Later global-market expansion and post-2008 dynamics are used to explain why a broad return to protectionism has not materialised, despite some tariff increases.","Global Policy Volume 3 . Issue 3 . September 2012  \nEconomic Nationalism: Theory, History and Prospects  \nSam Pryke  \nWolverhampton University  \nAbstract  \nThis article makes both a theoretical and empirical contribution to understanding economic nationalism. It does this first through providing an appropriate definition of the term. Taking issue with the generalised remit of economic nationalism in recent writings, it suggests that it consists of practices to create, bolster and protect national economies in the context of world markets. Taking this definition, the subsequent history section identifies economic nationalism’s rise in the late 19th century, the impetus of crisis after 1929 and its institutionalisation after 1945 . Simultaneously, the accelerating growth of world markets through greater exports undermined the reality of national economies. This takes us to the period after the financial crash of 2008 . In its aftermath, commentators warned of a resurgence of economic nationalism, that is, protectionism. Some states did increase tariff levels but this has not led to a generalised increase in barriers to trade in the pursuit of national economies for interrelated reasons: (1) the integration and therefore interdependency of economies; (2) the complexity of the global economy, making it all but impossible to separate by nationality; (3) the greater extensity of world markets compared to the mid-20th century; (4) the redundancy of the various models of economic nationalism.  \nPolicy Implications  \n• Economic nationalism should be understood as a set of practices to create, bolster and protect national economies in the context of world markets. The rise and institutionalisation of economic nationalism in the 20th century was a product of economic crisis, nationalist movements and enlarged states.  \n• There has been no ‘return of economic nationalism’ as in a generalised rise in protective barriers to trade since the financial crash of 2011 . Unlike the 1930s, sovereign debt has not motivated states to withdraw from global markets.  \n• The integration, complexity and extensity of the world’s economy mean that a reversal of trade as great as during the interwar period would entail an economic Armageddon. Whatever future ructions the world’s economy experiences due, above all, to chronic levels of sovereign debt, policy makers should be mindful of this reality.  \n• Simultaneously, they should be aware that ongoing instability may entail greater economic nationalism. The key lesson from the period after the Second World War is relevant now at a more overtly global level: the importance of planning, regulation and respect for models of economic diversity to further global trade.  \nFour years since the financial crash of the autumn of 2008, the outlook for the world economy is uncertain. What does seem clear is that a much mooted return of economic nationalism, construed as a generalised rise in protectionism, has not occurred. Politicians and commentators have repeatedly warned that financial crisis and recession might induce a shift away by governments from the globalisation of our times to the economic nationalism of the 1930s. Now, as Harold James (2001, p. 204) says, ‘At regular intervals since the publication of David Ricardo’s Principles of Political Economy in 1817, analysts have been predicting the imminent death of free-trade’. This aside, the forebodings were especially  \npronounced from the autumn of 2008 to the winter of 2009. This is hardly surprising if economic nationalism is taken to be a knee-jerk political response to crisis given the scale of the financial meltdown.  \nTake three examples of this discourse. In Britain Vince Cable, the then Liberal Democrat Finance spokesman, now the Business Secretary in the Conservative-led coalition government, cautioned readers of New Statesman in October 2008 that greater state involvement in capitalism through bank bailouts should not be equated with a return to Keynes, let ","cbCaioIt2QrXhcfG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioIt2QrXhcfG","pdf",118149,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Policy Implications\n# Historical Rise and Institutionalisation\n# Post-2008 Prospects and Protectionism Debate\n# Illustrative National Discourse","[{\"question\":\"How does the article define economic nationalism?\",\"answer\":\"Economic nationalism is defined as practices used to create, bolster and protect national economies in the context of world markets.\"},{\"question\":\"What historical factors drove the rise and institutionalisation of economic nationalism?\",\"answer\":\"Its rise is linked to late nineteenth-century developments, strengthened by the crisis momentum after 1929 and institutionalised after 1945.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did a general return to protectionism not occur after the 2008 financial crash?\",\"answer\":\"Broader protectionism has not appeared because economies are integrated and interdependent, the global economy is complex and hard to separate by nationality, world markets expanded beyond the mid-20th-century scale, and existing economic-nationalism models have become redundant.\"}]",1783073995,28,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"economic-nationalism-theory-history-and-prospects","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/economic-nationalism-theory-history-and-prospects/38852/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-03",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"How does the article define economic nationalism?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Economic nationalism is defined as practices used to create, bolster and protect national economies in the context of world markets.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"What historical factors drove the rise and institutionalisation of economic nationalism?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"Its rise is linked to late nineteenth-century developments, strengthened by the crisis momentum after 1929 and institutionalised after 1945.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"Why did a general return to protectionism not occur after the 2008 financial crash?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Broader protectionism has not appeared because economies are integrated and interdependent, the global economy is complex and hard to separate by nationality, world markets expanded beyond the mid-20th-century scale, and existing economic-nationalism models have become 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