[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-294913-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-294913-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","earned-citizenship-property-lessons-for-immigration-reform","Earned Citizenship - Property Lessons for Immigration Reform","","Earned Citizenship: Property Lessons for Immigration Reform analyzes how immigration debates balance “a nation of laws” against “a nation of immigrants.” It examines the claim that unlawful entry or visa overstay creates an enduring “original sin,” while also addressing the opposing view that immigration forms part of a society’s national self-definition. Using the United States as the focal case, the work frames earned membership as a potential basis for restructuring citizenship institutions and membership criteria.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/earned-citizenship-property-lessons-for-immigration-reform/294913/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/earned-citizenship-property-lessons-for-immigration-reform/294913.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Rhys","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What central tension does the introduction describe in immigration debates?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It describes the tension between two visions: “a nation of laws” and that of “a nation of immigrants.”","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the “nation of laws” position treat people who violated immigration rules?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It holds that those who entered without permission or overstayed cannot overcome the “original sin,” even if they lived peacefully and productively for decades.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What does the document propose by focusing on “earned citizenship”?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It develops the idea that membership and citizenship can be conceptualized through rootedness and “earned” ties, informing institutional design for immigration reform.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},294913,1789710979,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687207024643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","EARNED CITIZENSHIP:  \nPROPERTY LESSONS FOR IMMIGRATION REFORM  \nAYELET SHACHAR*  \nI. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................000  \nII. JUS NEXI: ROOTEDNESS AS A BASIS FOR MEMBERSHIP....................................000  \nA. Citizenship As New Property .....................................................................000  \nB. Rivalrous and Social-Relational Conceptions of Property............. 000  \nC. Rootedness Defended....................................................................................000  \nD. Democratic Accountability ........................................................................000  \nE. The Ties that Bind .........................................................................................000  \nF. Earned Citizenship ....................................................................................... 000  \nIII. APPLICATION AND INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN  \nA. Undocumented Students: Opening the Golden Gate for Members of the 1.5 Generation ........................................................... 000  \nB. Unauthorized Migrants: Overcoming the “Original Sin” of Unlawful Entry ............................................................................................ 000  \nIV. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 000  \n* Forthcoming in 22 Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities _ (2010). Please do not cite or circulate without the author’s explicit permission.  \nAcknowledgments: The first draft of this Essay was written during my appointment as Jeremiah Smith Jr. Visiting Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. I would like to thank Yochai Benkler, Joseph Singer, Martha Minow, Jana Singer, Laura Kessler, Mark Graber, Michael Van Alstine, Gerald Neuman, Peter Schuck, Hiroshi Motomura, Deborah Hellman, Cristina Rodriguez, Lisa Austin, Barbara Fried, Rogers Smith, and especially Ran Hirschl for insightful comments and conversations. This paper also benefited from suggestions by workshop participants at Berkeley’s Boalt Hall and Center for the Study of Law & Society; University of Maryland Faculty Workshop; and Stanford Law School.  \n* ©2010 Ayelet Shachar; Professor of Law, Political Science & Global Affairs; holder of the Canada Research Chair in Citizenship and Multiculturalism, University of Toronto. Comments are welcome: [ayelet.shachar@utoronto.ca](ayelet.shachar@utoronto.ca).  \nEARNED CITIZENSHIP:  \nPROPERTY LESSONS FOR IMMIGRATION REFORM  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nAt the heart of contemporary immigration debates lies a fundamental tension between the competing visions of “a nation of laws” and that of “a nation of immigrants.” This is particularly evident in the American context.1 The nation-of-laws camp maintains that people who have breached the country’s immigration law by entering without permission (or overstaying their initial visa) cannot overcome this “original sin,” even if they have lived on its territory peacefully and productively for decades thereafter. 2 The nation-of-immigrants milieu counters by reminding us that immigration is a vital component of the national self-definition of immigrant-receiving societies such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand—the “flesh of our flesh,” as noted historian Bernard Weisberger once put it.3  \nFor illustrative purposes, this article will focus on the United States, which annually accepts the largest intake of immigrants in the  \n1 The literature on America as a “nation of immigrants” is too vast to cite. Notable contributions include John F. Kennedy’s posthumously published NATION OF IMMIGRANTS (1964); ALEJANDRO PORTES AND RUBEN G. RUMBAUT, IMMIGRANT AMERICA: A PORTRAIT (3rd ed., 2006); ARISTIDE R. ZOLBERG, A NATION BY DESIGN: IMMIGRATION POLICY AND THE FASHIONING OF AMERICA (2006); PETER H. SCHUCK, CITIZENS, STRANGERS, AND IN-BETWEENS: ESSAYS ON IMMIGRATION AND CITIZENSHIP (1","cbCailNGmxzZCOLb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailNGmxzZCOLb","pdf",557130,47,"English","# I. INTRODUCTION\n# II. JUS NEXI: ROOTEDNESS AS A BASIS FOR MEMBERSHIP\n## A. Citizenship As New Property\n## B. Rivalrous and Social-Relational Conceptions of Property\n## C. Rootedness Defended\n## D. Democratic Accountability\n## E. The Ties that Bind\n## F. Earned Citizenship\n# III. APPLICATION AND INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN\n## A. Undocumented Students: Opening the Golden Gate for Members of the 1.5 Generation\n## B. Unauthorized Migrants: Overcoming the “Original Sin” of Unlawful Entry\n# IV. CONCLUSION","[{\"question\":\"What central tension does the introduction describe in immigration debates?\",\"answer\":\"It describes the tension between two visions: “a nation of laws” and that of “a nation of immigrants.”\"},{\"question\":\"How does the “nation of laws” position treat people who violated immigration rules?\",\"answer\":\"It holds that those who entered without permission or overstayed cannot overcome the “original sin,” even if they lived peacefully and productively for decades.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the document propose by focusing on “earned citizenship”?\",\"answer\":\"It develops the idea that membership and citizenship can be conceptualized through rootedness and “earned” ties, informing institutional design for immigration reform.\"}]","Earned Citizenship - Property Lessons for Immigration Reform | PDF",118]