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Active far-infrared thermography maps skin temperature and uses signal inversion with component analysis to infer mechanisms of thermal image generation of vasculature from dynamic thermal data. The study analyzes dynamic infrared breast imaging by converting diffusive heat propagation into a virtual wave and identifying reflections via component analysis, separating passive thermal reflection from thermal response to vasomodulation. Clear images were obtained, and in limited data, vasoconstriction magnitude appears related to cancer presence, motivating further validation with supportive diagnostic and clinical data.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dynamic-vascular-imaging-using-active-breast-thermography-research-overview/382211/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dynamic-vascular-imaging-using-active-breast-thermography-research-overview/382211.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is mammography considered insufficient for some breast cancer lesions?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Mammography sensitivity decreases with increasing breast density, and there are additional limitations such as cost and concerns about iatrogenic malignancies. The paper frames these issues as unmet clinical needs for complementary methods.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the core imaging approach used in this work?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study uses dynamic infrared breast thermography to map skin temperature and apply signal inversion with component analysis. It focuses on both the stationary vascular thermal response and the physiologic response to a temperature stimulus affected by vasomodulation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How is diffusive heat propagation analyzed in the study?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Recorded data are transformed by converting diffusive heat propagation into a virtual wave. Reflections are then identified using component analysis to obtain passive thermal reflection and vasomodulation-related thermal response images.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},382211,1790293859,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},8796095360427,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","sensors   \nArticle  \nDynamic Vascular Imaging Using Active Breast Thermography  \nMeir Gershenson 1,* and Jonathan Gershenson 1,2  \nCitation: Gershenson, M.; Gershenson, J. Dynamic Vascular Imaging Using Active Breast Thermography. Sensors 2023, 23, 3012 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063012](https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063012)  \nAcademic Editors: David Perpetuini, Damiano Formenti, Daniela Cardone and Nicola Ludwig  \nReceived: 15 February 2023  \nRevised: 28 February 2023  \nAccepted: 3 March 2023  \nPublished: 10 March 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 MCM Research Laurel, 134 Cholul YU, Merida 97305, Mexico  \n2 Mercy Radiology Group, Dignity Health Advanced Imaging, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA  \n* [Correspondence: meir.gershenson@gmail.com](Correspondence: meir.gershenson@gmail.com); Tel.: +52-303-500-5022  \nAbstract: Mammography is considered the gold standard for breast cancer screening and diagnostic imaging; however, there is an unmet clinical need for complementary methods to detect lesions not characterized by mammography. Far-infrared `thermogram' breast imaging can map the skin temperature, and signal inversion with components analysis can be used to identify the mechanisms of thermal image generation of the vasculature using dynamic thermal data. This work focuses on using dynamic infrared breast imaging to identify the thermal response of the stationary vascular system and the physiologic vascular response to a temperature stimulus affected by vasomodulation. The recorded data are analyzed by converting the diffusive heat propagation into a virtual wave and identifying the reflection using component analysis. Clear images of passive thermal reflection and thermal response to vasomodulation were obtained. In our limited data, the magnitude of vasoconstriction appears to depend on the presence of cancer. The authors propose future studies with supporting diagnostic and clinical data that may provide validation of the proposed paradigm.  \nKeywords: breast cancer; components analysis; dynamic thermogram; equivalent wave field; vasomodulation; veins; virtual wave  \n1. Introduction  \nBreast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed and deadly cancers among women. Early detection is crucial to improving outcomes [1] . The most common clinically used modalities for screening and diagnostic breast imaging are mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. Mammography is the gold standard for screening and guidance of tissue sampling for suspected neoplasms. However, certain limitations exist. The sensitivity of mammography to detect tumors decreases with increasing breast density, as breast parenchyma's attenuation coefficient versus tumor is closer in value than adipose.  \nAdditionally, modest concern exists for an expectation of mammography to result in the development of iatrogenic-related malignancies among the breast cancer screening population. In the global crisis, mammography remains cost-prohibitive for implementation in developing countries. Unmet clinical needs exist for additional and complementary methods to address the current limitations of breast cancer imaging and further address the global issue of breast cancer. Thermography is an emission scan of medium or long-wave infrared (I.R.) electromagnetic radiation emitted via the body, depending on temperature. Thus, the I.R. image of the body is equivalent to an overall map of the external temperature of individual pixels [2] . A sensitivity of 0.2 􀀎 C is easily achieved in OEM products [3] . As the emissivity of the skin is almost uniform, the temperature sensitivity realized over the skin surface is unaltered. While thermography was approved by the F","cbCairfSnasl74ll","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairfSnasl74ll","pdf",3445416,14,"English","# Introduction\n# Thermography and Clinical Limitations\n# Thermography Methods and Thermal Imaging Principles\n# Vascular Heat Signatures and Bioheat Modeling\n# Motivation and Study Scope","[{\"question\":\"Why is mammography considered insufficient for some breast cancer lesions?\",\"answer\":\"Mammography sensitivity decreases with increasing breast density, and there are additional limitations such as cost and concerns about iatrogenic malignancies. The paper frames these issues as unmet clinical needs for complementary methods.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the core imaging approach used in this work?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses dynamic infrared breast thermography to map skin temperature and apply signal inversion with component analysis. It focuses on both the stationary vascular thermal response and the physiologic response to a temperature stimulus affected by vasomodulation.\"},{\"question\":\"How is diffusive heat propagation analyzed in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Recorded data are transformed by converting diffusive heat propagation into a virtual wave. Reflections are then identified using component analysis to obtain passive thermal reflection and vasomodulation-related thermal response images.\"}]","Dynamic Vascular Imaging Using Active Breast Thermography - Research Overview | PDF",1790249517,35]