[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-134840-en":3,"doc-seo-134840-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},134840,1099514067415,"Rowan","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502",7,"Healthcare","Duration of Protection After Vaccination Against Yellow Fever - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","Single-dose yellow fever vaccine protection duration remains debated. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence on protection after 1 and at least 2 vaccine doses, stratifying results by time since vaccination. Random-effects meta-analysis identified 36 studies across 20 countries with over 17,000 participants aged 6 months to 85 years. Seroprotection stayed near 100% by 3 months and remained high in adults for 5 to 10 years, while children vaccinated before age 2 showed 52% seroprotection within 5 years. Waning was also relevant in immunodeficient people, varying by age and immune status.","Clinical Infectious Diseases  \nREVIEW ARTICLE  \nDuration of Protection After Vaccination Against Yellow Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis  \nKerstin Kling,1, Cristina Domingo,2 Christian Bogdan,3 Steven Duffy,4 Thomas Harder,1 Jeremy Howick,4 Jos Kleijnen,4 Kevin McDermott,4 Ole Wichmann,1 Annelies Wilder-Smith,5,6 and Robert Wolff4  \n1Immunization Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; 2Center for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; 3Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; 4Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, York, United Kingdom; 5Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and 6Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland  \nThe duration of protection after a single dose of yellow fever vaccine is a matter of debate. To summarize the current knowledge, we performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Studies on the duration of protection after 1 and ≥2 vaccine doses were reviewed. Data were stratified by time since vaccination. In our meta-analysis, we used random-effects models. We identified 36 studies from 20 countries, comprising more than 17 000 participants aged 6 months to 85 years. Among healthy adults and children, pooled seroprotection rates after single vaccination dose were close to 100% by 3 months and remained high in adults for 5 to 10 years. In children vaccinated before age 2 years, the seroprotection rate was 52% within 5 years after primary vaccination. For immunodeficient persons, data indicate relevant waning. The extent of waning of seroprotection after yellow fever vaccination depends on age and immune status at primary vaccination.  \nKeywords. yellow fever vaccine; duration of protection; risk group; immunodeficiency; systematic review.  \nYellow fever (YF) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes and Haemagogus species. In 2020, 40 countries in Africa and South America were classified as endemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) [ 1] . The case fatality rate with the severe form of YF can reach 60% or more in persons with underlying diseases (such as diabetes mellitus) [2,3] . Each year, approximately 200 000 YF cases and 30 000 YF deaths occur worldwide [4] . Because no licensed drugs are available to treat YF, reduction of disease burden is exclusively accomplished through vaccination and vector control. Despite effective YF vaccines being available since the 1930s, outbreaks continue to occur, and the disease has spread into new areas during recent decades [5–7]. To date, it is unknown to what extent a lack of seroconversion (primary vaccine failure) and waning immunity (secondary vaccine failure) influence the individual risk of YF.  \nFor many years, YF vaccine booster doses were recommended every 10 years for those at risk of exposure, including people  \nReceived 08 April 2022; editorial decision 05 July 2022; published online 20 July 2022  \nCorrespondence: K. Kling, Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany ([klingk@rki.de](klingk@rki.de)) .  \nClinical Infectious Diseases® 2022;75(12):2266–74  \n© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.  \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs licence ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [journals.permissions@oup.com](jour","cbCaipB0mobW0Dsi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipB0mobW0Dsi","pdf",634449,8,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Methods\n## Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria","[{\"question\":\"What was the objective of the systematic review and meta-analysis?\",\"answer\":\"To summarize current evidence on how long protection lasts after yellow fever vaccination, including after one dose and after two or more doses.\"},{\"question\":\"How were studies evaluated in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review followed Cochrane-recommended methods, with studies selected using population, intervention, comparator, and outcome criteria and analyzed with random-effects meta-analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the evidence suggest about waning immunity after vaccination?\",\"answer\":\"Seroprotection stayed close to 100% by 3 months for healthy groups and remained high in adults for 5 to 10 years, but it was lower and waned more in children vaccinated before age 2 and in immunodeficient individuals.\"}]","Duration of Protection After Vaccination Against Yellow Fever - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | PDF",1787300257,23,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":88,"head_meta":90,"extra_data":92,"updated_unix":29},"duration-of-protection-after-vaccination-against-yellow-fever-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis","",{"@graph":37,"@context":87},[38,55,70],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/duration-of-protection-after-vaccination-against-yellow-fever-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/134840/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"author":57,"headline":13,"publisher":59,"fileFormat":62,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":63,"datePublished":64,"encodingFormat":62,"isAccessibleForFree":65,"interactionStatistic":66},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":58},"Person",{"url":42,"name":60,"@type":61},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-03","2026-08-21",true,{"@type":67,"interactionType":68,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":69},"ViewAction",{"@type":71,"mainEntity":72},"FAQPage",[73,79,83],{"name":74,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":76},"What was the objective of the systematic review and meta-analysis?","Question",{"text":77,"@type":78},"To summarize current evidence on how long protection lasts after yellow fever vaccination, including after one dose and after two or more doses.","Answer",{"name":80,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":81},"How were studies evaluated in the review?",{"text":82,"@type":78},"The review followed Cochrane-recommended methods, with studies selected using population, intervention, comparator, and outcome criteria and analyzed with random-effects meta-analysis.",{"name":84,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":85},"What does the evidence suggest about waning immunity after vaccination?",{"text":86,"@type":78},"Seroprotection stayed close to 100% by 3 months for healthy groups and remained high in adults for 5 to 10 years, but it was lower and waned more in children vaccinated before age 2 and in immunodeficient individuals.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":89,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":60,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":91,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":94},[95,99,103,107,112,117,120,124,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},40,"healthcare",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]