[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-455654-105":59,"doc-detail-455654-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","dual-sided-eeg-electrode-signals-have-varying-correlations-that-depend-on-movement-characteristics","Dual-sided EEG electrode signals have varying correlations that depend on movement characteristics","","Dual-layer EEG records scalp EEG together with isolated motion artifact signals to improve reliability in mobile walking scenarios where motion artifacts strongly degrade EEG quality. Using a benchtop dual-sided electrode test platform interfaced with conductive fabric, top and bottom signals were correlated under robotic arm movements with varying direction, magnitude, frequency, and randomness. Correlations between electrode sides and between movement and side signals were quantified. Movement direction changed correlation signs, metrics scaled with magnitude rather than frequency, and increased movement randomness reduced top–bottom correlation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dual-sided-eeg-electrode-signals-have-varying-correlations-that-depend-on-movement-characteristics/455654/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dual-sided-eeg-electrode-signals-have-varying-correlations-that-depend-on-movement-characteristics/455654.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does dual-layer EEG address in mobile EEG recordings?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Mobile EEG is highly susceptible to motion artifacts that can overwhelm the underlying brain activity. Dual-layer EEG aims to attenuate these artifacts by recording scalp EEG and isolated motion artifact signals simultaneously.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were dual-sided electrode signals evaluated in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A benchtop platform interfaced the top and bottom sides of a dual-sided electrode with conductive fabric. A robotic arm moved the electrode with controlled variations in direction, magnitude, frequency, and randomness, and correlations were quantified.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which movement characteristics most strongly affected the correlations?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Movement direction altered the correlation signs. Correlation metrics scaled with movement magnitude rather than frequency, while increased movement randomness reduced correlation between top and bottom signals.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},455654,1790820094,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nDual-sided EEG electrode signals have varying correlations that depend on movement characteristics  \nJinfeng Li1,2􀀍 & Helen J. Huang2,3,4  \nMobile Electroencephalography (EEG) measures human brain activity during locomotion, extending brain dynamics research into real-world scenarios. However, EEG is highly susceptible to artifacts, and more reliable approaches are needed to attenuate motion artifacts in mobile EEG recordings. Duallayer EEG, which records scalp EEG simultaneously with isolated motion artifact signals, presents a novel and promising approach. This method assumes that noise-biased EEG data captures the common noise as the isolated motion artifact data. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between signals from both sides of the electrode and their relationship to movement. We developed a benchtop test platform where the top and bottom sides of a dual-sided electrode interfaced with conductive fabric. Using a robotic arm, we moved the dual-sided electrode with different directions, magnitudes, frequencies, and randomness. We quantified correlations between signals from the top and bottom sides to understand the relationship of the dual-sided signals. We also quantified correlations between movement and signals from both the top and bottom sides to examine the extent to which the signals are related to movement. Movement direction affected the correlation signs, and all correlation metrics scaled with movement magnitude rather than frequency. Increased movement randomness reduced top and bottom signal correlation. These findings contribute new insights into signal correlations ofthe dual-sided EEG electrode and could inform the development of improved dual-layer EEG algorithms and hardware innovations for real-world applications.  \nMotion artifacts that are caused by multiple contributors greatly compromise EEG signals during walking. EEGis easily contaminated by undesired noise that originates from electrophysiological or non-electrophysiological sources1,2. Electrophysiological artifacts arise from eye movement, heartbeat, and muscle activity, while nonelectrophysiological sources include powerline noise, electromagnetic interference, and movement-related artifacts3,4. In particular, the motion artifacts have greater amplitude than electrocortical signal and can noticeably undermine EEG signal quality during mobile EEG studies such as walking due to the inevitable body and device movements5,6. The relative movement between recording electrode and scalp is the major contributor to motion artifacts. This movement leads to variations in the electrical coupling of skin-electrode interface and results in signal distortion7,8. More specifically, compared to horizontal movements, vertical movements along the axis perpendicular to the electrode surface cause larger fluctuations in contact impedance due to dynamic changes in contact pressure and area7,9, thereby contributing to stronger motion artifacts10. Cable sway is another main source of motion artifacts in wired EEG system11, 12. Cable sway generates friction and deformation on the cable isolator, resulting in triboelectric noise13, 14. In general, motion artifacts are direction dependent and increase with higher cyclical movement frequencies12, 15 or faster walking speeds10, 16, 17, and substantially degrade EEG signal quality. The effective removal of motion artifacts is of great importance as it facilitates the interpretation ofEEG signal.  \nResearchers have developed various hardware and software techniques to reduce motion artifacts. Continuous advances in EEG electrodes improve the quality of EEG recordings. Gel-based silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes are the current gold standard for EEG recordings owing to their low skin-electrode impedance, high reliability, and good signal-to-noise ratio18–20. Thus, wet electrodes are more resistant to motion ","cbCaidq5cPqH4KuJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidq5cPqH4KuJ","pdf",3233812,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Dual-sided and dual-layer EEG concept\n## Motion artifacts sources and direction dependence\n# Background: hardware and software solutions\n## Electrode hardware approaches\n## Signal processing and filtering algorithms","[{\"question\":\"What problem does dual-layer EEG address in mobile EEG recordings?\",\"answer\":\"Mobile EEG is highly susceptible to motion artifacts that can overwhelm the underlying brain activity. Dual-layer EEG aims to attenuate these artifacts by recording scalp EEG and isolated motion artifact signals simultaneously.\"},{\"question\":\"How were dual-sided electrode signals evaluated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"A benchtop platform interfaced the top and bottom sides of a dual-sided electrode with conductive fabric. A robotic arm moved the electrode with controlled variations in direction, magnitude, frequency, and randomness, and correlations were quantified.\"},{\"question\":\"Which movement characteristics most strongly affected the correlations?\",\"answer\":\"Movement direction altered the correlation signs. Correlation metrics scaled with movement magnitude rather than frequency, while increased movement randomness reduced correlation between top and bottom signals.\"}]","Dual-sided EEG electrode signals have varying correlations that depend on movement characteristics | PDF",1790743771,28]