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It describes the initial therapeutic and pharmacological classes and the new mechanisms of action used in cancer treatment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331579,1790711231,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019662,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188","Review  \nDrug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review  \nAbdulaziz H. Al Khzem 1, *, Mohamed S. Gomaa 1, *, Mansour S. Alturki 1, Nada Tawfeeq 1, Mohammad Sarafroz 1, Shareefa M. Alonaizi 2, Alhassan Al Faran 2, Laela Ahmed Alrumaihi 2, Fatimah Ahmed Alansari 2 and Abdullah Abbas Alghamdi 2  \nCitation: Al Khzem, A.H.; Gomaa, M.S.; Alturki, M.S.; Tawfeeq, N.; Sarafroz, M.; Alonaizi, S.M.; Al Faran, A.; Alrumaihi, L.A.; Alansari, F.A.; Alghamdi, A.A. Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 12441. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms252212441](10.3390/ijms252212441)  \nAcademic Editor: Bernhard Biersack  \nReceived: 28 October 2024  \nRevised: 12 November 2024  \nAccepted: 17 November 2024  \nPublished: 19 November 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia; [msalturki@iau.edu.sa](msalturki@iau.edu.sa) (M.S.A.); [nztawfeeq@iau.edu.sa](nztawfeeq@iau.edu.sa) (N.T.); [mskausar@iau.edu.sa](mskausar@iau.edu.sa) (M.S.)  \n2 College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia; [2200002503@iau.edu.sa](2200002503@iau.edu.sa) (S.M.A.); [alfaran32@gmail.com](alfaran32@gmail.com) (A.A.F.); [2210000333@iau.edu.sa](2210000333@iau.edu.sa) (L.A.A.); [2220001110@iau.edu.sa](2220001110@iau.edu.sa) (F.A.A.); [abdullahabs2002@gmail.com](abdullahabs2002@gmail.com) (A.A.A.)  \n* Correspondence: [ahalkhzem@iau.edu.sa](ahalkhzem@iau.edu.sa) (A.H.A.K.); [msmmansour@iau.edu.sa](msmmansour@iau.edu.sa) (M.S.G.); Tel.: +966-545225249 (A.H.A.K.)  \nAbstract: Cancer ranks among the primary contributors to global mortality. In 2022, the global incidence of new cancer cases reached about 20 million, while the number of cancer-related fatalities reached 9.7 million. In Saudi Arabia, there were 13,399 deaths caused by cancer and 28,113 newly diagnosed cases of cancer. Drug repurposing is a drug discovery strategy that has gained special attention and implementation to enhance the process of drug development due to its time-and moneysaving effect. It involves repositioning existing medications to new clinical applications. Cancer treatment is a therapeutic area where drug repurposing has shown the most prominent impact. This review presents a compilation of medications that have been repurposed for the treatment of various types of cancers. It describes the initial therapeutic and pharmacological classes of the repurposed drugs and their new applications and mechanisms of action in cancer treatment. The review reportson drugs from various pharmacological classes that have been successfully repurposed for cancer treatment, including approved ones and those in clinical trials and preclinical development. It stratifies drugs based on their anticancer repurpose as multi-type, type-specific, and mechanismdirected, and according to their pharmacological classes. The review also reflects on the future potential that drug repurposing has in the clinical development of novel anticancer therapies.  \nKeywords: repurposing; anticancer; drug discovery; therapeutic classes; translational research; drug targets  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer is a collection of multiple diseases that occur progressively due to uncontrollable cell proliferation [1,2] . Each type has unique characteristics, but all share fundamental processes contributing to the disease’s development [3,4] . Cancer cells can be malignant or normal, and they expand w","cbCaieQbZJIWzol3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieQbZJIWzol3","pdf",27234917,49,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer as a Progressive Disease\n## Tumor Progression Stages\n## Malignant Tumor Spread and Resistance\n## Cancer Gene Categories and Mutational Effects","[{\"question\":\"What is drug repurposing in the context of cancer treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Drug repurposing is a drug discovery strategy that repositions existing medications for new clinical applications. In cancer, it is highlighted as having a particularly prominent impact on therapeutic development.\"},{\"question\":\"Which types of cancer does the review address?\",\"answer\":\"The review presents repurposed medications for various types of cancers. It also discusses stratification by multi-type, type-specific, and mechanism-directed anticancer repurposing, along with pharmacological classes.\"},{\"question\":\"How are repurposed drugs evaluated in terms of stage and development?\",\"answer\":\"The review includes both approved drugs and candidates in clinical trials and preclinical development. It describes the initial therapeutic and pharmacological classes and the new mechanisms of action used in cancer treatment.\"}]","Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment - A Comprehensive Review | PDF",1789994168,123]