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A narrative review synthesizes epidemiologic, mechanistic, and clinical evidence from 2009 to 2025 and highlights contributions from antipsychotics as well as emerging agents such as valproate, cyclosporine, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors, and Rauwolfia serpentina-based herbal supplements. DIP accounts for about 15–20% of secondary parkinsonism, often affecting older adults and women, with recovery commonly within 6–12 months after stopping the offending medication.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/drug-induced-parkinsonism-a-structured-mechanism-informed-approach-to-identification-and-management/417493/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/drug-induced-parkinsonism-a-structured-mechanism-informed-approach-to-identification-and-management/417493.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What distinguishes drug-induced parkinsonism from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Drug-induced parkinsonism can present with signs and symptoms indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, but its underlying pathology is functional and reversible with removal of the causative agent.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which medications and supplements are implicated in DIP?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Beyond first-generation antipsychotics, the review notes additional contributors including valproate, cyclosporine, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors, and Rauwolfia serpentina-based herbal supplements.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How long does recovery typically take after stopping the offending agent?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Recovery usually occurs within six to 12 months after discontinuing the implicated medication, though a minority may experience persistent symptoms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},417493,1792186274,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","Received 10/19/2025  \nReview began 10/28/2025  \nReview ended 11/17/2025  \nPublished 12/02/2025  \n© Copyright 2025  \nDe Faria Sousa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0. , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited.  \nDOI: 10.7759/cureus.98340  \nOpen Access Review Article  \n Published via Florida International University  \nDrug-Induced Parkinsonism: A Structured, Mechanism-Informed Approach to Identification and Management  \nBeatriz De Faria Sousa 1 , Juan B. Espinosa 2, 3  \n1. College of Medicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, USA 2. Department of Psychiatry, Florida International University, Miami, USA 3. Department of Psychiatry, Memorial Regional Hospital, Hollywood, USA  \nCorresponding author: Beatriz De Faria Sousa, [dfs.beatriz@gmail.com](dfs.beatriz@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nDrug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is an underrecognized form of secondary parkinsonism that can mimic idiopathic Parkinson’s disease yet is largely reversible. While the use of first-generation antipsychotics has declined, additional agents, including valproate, cyclosporine, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors, and Rauwolfia serpentina-based herbal supplements, have emerged as notable contributors. This narrative review synthesizes epidemiologic, mechanistic, and clinical data from 2009 to 2025 to provide a structured, mechanism-informed approach for clinicians. Across studies, DIP accounted for roughly 15-20% of secondary parkinsonism, disproportionately affecting older adults and women. Functional imaging with dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography typically demonstrates preserved striatal uptake, aiding differentiation from neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Recovery usually occurs within six to 12 months of discontinuing the offending agent, though a minority may experience persistent symptoms. The proposed three-step approach emphasizes comprehensive medication and supplement review, recognition of characteristic clinical patterns, and timely withdrawal with follow-up to confirm reversibility. This framework supports safer prescribing practices, reinforces clinician education, and enhances detection of this preventable condition.  \nCategories: Neurology, Psychiatry, Medical Education  \nKeywords: clinical reasoning, diagnostic framework, dopaminergic mechanisms, drug-induced parkinsonism, iatrogenic neurology, medical education, movement disorders, pharmacovigilance, polypharmacy, reversible parkinsonism  \nIntroduction And Background  \nDrug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is a reversible syndrome characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor caused by pharmacologic agents. DIP remains a well-established example of iatrogenic neurology, an entirely man-made syndrome that closely mirrors one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) . Clinically, it presents with signs and symptoms indistinguishable from PD. Yet, unlike PD, the underlying pathology is functional, reversible, and preventable.  \nAlthough DIP was first described in the 1950s following reserpine use, its epidemiologic footprint remains consistent across decades [1,2] . Contemporary studies estimate that DIP represents up to one-fifth of parkinsonian cases worldwide, particularly among elderly and polypharmacy-exposed patients [3,4] . The persistence of this entity, despite decades of recognition, reflects an enduring educational and diagnostic gap rather than a pharmacologic inevitability. Understanding the historical context of DIP provides a foundation for examining the contemporary epidemiologic and mechanistic landscape.  \nIn the mid-20th century, typical antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol dominated theetiologic landscape. The subsequent transition to atypical agents, perce","cbCainoqGjayAR6Q","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainoqGjayAR6Q","pdf",446804,"English","# Introduction And Background\n## Review\n### Global epidemiology: expanding drug spectrum\n### Methods: Literature Selection Approach","[{\"question\":\"What distinguishes drug-induced parkinsonism from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease?\",\"answer\":\"Drug-induced parkinsonism can present with signs and symptoms indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, but its underlying pathology is functional and reversible with removal of the causative agent.\"},{\"question\":\"Which medications and supplements are implicated in DIP?\",\"answer\":\"Beyond first-generation antipsychotics, the review notes additional contributors including valproate, cyclosporine, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors, and Rauwolfia serpentina-based herbal supplements.\"},{\"question\":\"How long does recovery typically take after stopping the offending agent?\",\"answer\":\"Recovery usually occurs within six to 12 months after discontinuing the implicated medication, though a minority may experience persistent symptoms.\"}]","Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - A Structured, Mechanism-Informed Approach to Identification and Management | PDF",1790609384,23]