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José Pedro Sousa2, Joana Silva Dias3  \n1,2 Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto + DFL/CEAU/FAUP 3INESC TEC 1,[2](2 {pvarelaj| sousa}@arq.up.pt3joana.s.dias@inesctec.pt)[ {pvarelaj| sousa}@arq.up.pt](2 {pvarelaj| sousa}@arq.up.pt3joana.s.dias@inesctec.pt)[3](2 {pvarelaj| sousa}@arq.up.pt3joana.s.dias@inesctec.pt)[joana.s.dias@inesctec.pt](2 {pvarelaj| sousa}@arq.up.pt3joana.s.dias@inesctec.pt)  \nThe developments of digital technology applied to architecture in the recent decades has allowed for direct communication from the studio to fabrication. However, this process is typically dependent on complicated computational processes, enlarging the distance from the benefits of the traditional drawing approaches employed by architects. This research intends to explore possibilities of reenacting the drawing as a means of computational generative design which feeds automated systems of construction. By using a Cobot directed by an algorithm which reads a simple drawn curve on paper, an automated brick wall is built, as demonstrated in two exhibitions. This mixed approach allows for technology in architectural design and construction to be more accessible to a wider audience, while blurring the boundaries between concept and materialization.  \nKeywords: robotic assembly, human-robot collaboration, non-standard structures, digital fabrication, computational design, interactive fabrication  \nINTRODUCTION  \nDigital fabrication has been a growing field in architecture in the last two decades. Its operative logic lies in the direct connection between digital models and a computer driven machine, which is commonly referred as file-to-factory process (Kolarevic 2004) . This digital continuity information and materialization has introduced a high precision in the process as well as enabled formal and material possibilities beyond the capacities of traditional processes. Nonetheless, digital fabrication requires the ability to develop a consistent digital model and extract the necessary information to drive a specific materialization process.  \nIn this context, this paper presents a research work on robotic assembly that tries to envision and set up a different scenario for design and fabrication. Using drawings instead of models as the initial input, this strategy aims at achieving a more flexible, interactive and user-friendly process, called here as drawing-to-factory processes. A review of similar works provides hints to develop an in-house system to build brick walls from drawn curves. The setup is described and the main algorithmic challenges explained, giving way to the description of the results gathered by the demonstrations of this experiment.  \nCollaborative, participative or responsive design-Volume 1-eCAADe 39 | 189  \nCOMPARATIVE WORKS  \nThe series of experiments entitled Spatial Aggregations developed by Gramazio & Kohler (Willmann 2012) are demonstrative of constructive systems dependent not only on robotic fabrication, but also on human interaction. Long constructive elements, such as wood beams or plastic tubes are cut to measure and positioned in space by the robot, to have a human perform the fixation of the newly cut element to the ones already assembled in the main structure. This sort of collaborative work allows for the successful maximization of possibilities by joining the mechanical accuracy of the robot to the cognitive intelligence of human beings.  \nAugmenting the linear predetermined actions of a machine such as a robot may be achieved through the live collaboration with human interactors, or may come with added capabilities to the machine itself. Following the implementation of electronicsand mechatronics in production lines, the 4th Industrial Revolution caters for processes which exhibit intelligence. Through the inclusion of sensing abilities, or the power to collect and process information","cbCaivwhWo9YGMUD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivwhWo9YGMUD","pdf",8353008,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n# COMPARATIVE WORKS\n# PROJECT\n## Goal\n## Development\n## Methodology","[{\"question\":\"What is the core idea of the drawing-to-factory process?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a simple drawn curve on paper as input to drive automated construction, avoiding the need to manipulate digital models.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the system build a brick wall?\",\"answer\":\"A Cobot guided by an algorithm reads the drawn curve and performs the robotic assembly of the brick wall structure.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are collaborative and interactive methods important in this research?\",\"answer\":\"The paper argues that combining robotic precision with human interaction and intuitive inputs makes architectural design and fabrication more accessible while blurring the line between concept and materialization.\"}]","Drawing-to-Factory Process - Using freehand drawing to drive robotic assembly of brick walls | PDF",15]