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This paper argues that fluent freehand drawing remains a critical investigative and representational ability. Through workshops in Limerick City, first-year architecture and civil engineering students create large pencil drawings, strengthening observation, supporting understanding across modules, and improving how ideas are represented.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/drawing-representation-freehand-drawing-for-students-of-architecture-and-civil-engineering/649310/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/drawing-representation-freehand-drawing-for-students-of-architecture-and-civil-engineering/649310.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"hdkawk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the paper argue for freehand drawing despite CAD and BIM?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It contends that drawing by hand builds fluent observational and representational ability. CAD and BIM may dominate production, but they can sideline the investigative skill gained through manual sketching.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What do the workshops ask first-year students to produce?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Students are asked to create large freehand pencil drawings, usually orthographic projections such as plan, section, or elevation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What skills are developed through freehand observational and design drawing?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The paper highlights training the eye to observe structures, using appropriate line-weights, applying correct scale and proportion, judging section-plane locations, and gaining collateral benefits for thinking in other modules.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},649310,1792799123,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":46},3985747859855,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Drawing + Representation;  \nFreehand Drawing for Students of Architecture and Civil  \nEngineering  \nDeclan Feeney  \nSchool of Architecture  \nUniversity of Limerick  \nAbstract  \nArchitects and Engineers draw in very particular ways, orthographic projections of plan, section and elevation, axonometric and isometric parallel projections and detail and perspective drawings. All can be used to communicate information about a given design. Though CAD applications predominate as a method for production of drawings this paper argues for the value of fluent freehand drawing ability. Through a series of workshops conducted within structures of architectural or engineering merit in Limerick City, first year engineering and architecture students are asked to produce large freehand pencil drawings. The result is increased observational skill, the use of hand-drawing as an investigative tool and the primary way to represent ideas as well as a means to understanding concepts in other modules.  \nIntroduction  \nDrawing as a means to widely communicate design information has its roots in the Renaissance period. Until this time the medieval master-masons built their structures using knowledge passed on through their own guilds, designing with large scale instruments, the square and compass , but little evidence remains of any coherent attempt to draw a building comprehensively before construction. Occasionally scale models were produced in advance, but more usually design and construction for a given project were approximately contemporaneous activities 'as attested to by full scale working drawings etched on some church floors and walls' (Hugh McCague 2003, Horizon Journal) .  \nThrough the work of Renaissance designers and engineers such as Andrea Palladio (see Figure 1) and Fillipo Brunelleschi, new drawing techniques were developed including that of linear perspective. As the methods for representing unbuilt structures became more sophisticated, and advances in printing permitted easy reproduction, it became more usual to prepare contracts before construction commenced: 'these contracts often included a drawing as an attachment in order to explain the details of the design that was expected' (Carmen Bambach, . \"Renaissance Drawings:  \nMaterial and Function 2002 ) and hence the modern design and construction drawing was born.  \nAt the present time we are witnessing another revolution in the way construction information is prepared and presented. With the increasing sophistication of software such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) and the rise of cloud computing as a means to build these models collaboratively in real-time, the technique of hand-drawing is increasingly sidelined. However as architect Norman Foster states in Will Jones' \"Architects' Sketchbooks\" 2011; 'I worry about students who might feel that the power of sophisticated computer equipment has somehow rendered the  \nhumble pencil if not obsolete then certainly second rate. The pencil and computer are very similar in that they are only as good as the person driving them. '  \nFigure 1. Plan and Section of Villa Almerico (Villa Rotonda):  \nFrom I quattro libri dell'architettura (book 2, page 19), 1570. Author: Andrea Palladio  \nAt the University of Limerick (UL) we want students who can design with pencil and computer. As a means to acquiring skills with the latter, I believe the former is the essential first step. This paper sets out to describe the modes of teaching, learning and practice of freehand observational and design drawing to first year students of Civil Engineering and Architecture at UL. The paper argues for the value of fluent freehand drawing ability and the resultant acquired skills relating to:  \n-training the eye to observe and understand the assembly and dimension of structures  \n-the importance of line-weights, varying from bold to light depending on the use to which they are being put  \n-the importance of the correct scale and proportion in a drawing  \n-","cbCaigXOClKqQvpF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigXOClKqQvpF","pdf",3776811,"English","# Introduction\n# Method","[{\"question\":\"Why does the paper argue for freehand drawing despite CAD and BIM?\",\"answer\":\"It contends that drawing by hand builds fluent observational and representational ability. CAD and BIM may dominate production, but they can sideline the investigative skill gained through manual sketching.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the workshops ask first-year students to produce?\",\"answer\":\"Students are asked to create large freehand pencil drawings, usually orthographic projections such as plan, section, or elevation.\"},{\"question\":\"What skills are developed through freehand observational and design drawing?\",\"answer\":\"The paper highlights training the eye to observe structures, using appropriate line-weights, applying correct scale and proportion, judging section-plane locations, and gaining collateral benefits for thinking in other modules.\"}]","Drawing + Representation - Freehand Drawing for Students of Architecture and Civil Engineering | PDF"]