[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-664910-105":59,"doc-detail-664910-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","drainage-design-of-drainage-systems-introduction-field-drainage-and-surface-drainage-design","DRAINAGE & DESIGN OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS - Introduction - Field Drainage and Surface Drainage Design","","Drainage & design of drainage systems explains how excess water is removed from land through large-scale land drainage and agriculture-focused field drainage. It details why fields become saturated during rain or irrigation, how pooling and percolation occur, and the key aims of field drainage: restoring moisture to field capacity, improving hydraulic conductivity, leaching salts in arid regions, supporting irrigated areas with poor efficiency, and reducing cultivation delays. It further outlines classification of field drainage (horizontal, vertical) and the principles behind surface drainage, including land forming and peak flow estimation methods for channels.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/drainage-design-of-drainage-systems-introduction-field-drainage-and-surface-drainage-design/664910/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/drainage-design-of-drainage-systems-introduction-field-drainage-and-surface-drainage-design/664910.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Eliana","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is drainage and what are the two main types described?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Drainage is the removal of excess water from a place. The document identifies land drainage and field drainage as the two main types.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is field drainage needed during rain or irrigation?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Water infiltrates into soil pores and when pores are saturated, no more water can be absorbed, causing pools to form on the soil surface. Field drainage helps prevent and manage this saturated condition.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How is surface drainage designed and what is used to estimate peak flows?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Surface drainage removes excess water from the soil surface by eliminating low spots through land forming, excavating ditches, or both. The document states peak flows can be estimated using methods such as the Rational formula, Cook’s method, Curve Number method, and Soil Conservation Service method.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},664910,1793278971,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},4398048949847,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267","DRAINAGE & DESIGN OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS  \nDrainage means the removal of excess water from a given place . Two types of drainage can be identified:  \ni)Land Drainage: This is large scale drainage where the objective is to drain surplus water from a large area by such means as excavating large open drains, erecting dykes and levees and pumping. Such schemes are necessary in low lying areas and are mainly Civil Engineering work.  \nii)Field Drainage: This is the drainage that concerns us in agriculture . It is the removal of excess water from the root zone of crops  \nNeed of Drainage  \nDuring rain or irrigation the fields become wet. The water infiltrate into the soil and is stored in its pores . When all the pores are filled with water, the soil is said to be saturated and no more water can be absorbed; when rain or irrigation continues, pools may form on the soil surface (as shown in Figure) .  \nFigure. During heavy rainfall the upper soil layers become saturated and pools may form . Water percolates to deeper layers and infiltrates from the pools  \nWater in Soil After Heavy Rain  \nThe main aims of Field drainage include:  \ni) To bring soil moisture down from saturation to field capacity. At field capacity, air is available to the soil and most soils like to grow at moisture less than saturation .  \nii) Drainage helps improve hydraulic conductivity: Soil structure can collapse under very wet conditions and so also engineering structures .  \niii) In some areas with salt disposition, especially in arid regions, drainage is used to leach excess salt.  \niv) In irrigated areas, drainage is needed due to poor application efficiency which means that a lot of water is applied.  \nv) Drainage can shorten the number of occasions when cultivation is held up waiting for soil to dry out.  \nTYPES OF FIELD DRAINAGE  \nThe different field drainage methods can be classified as:  \n1. Horizontal drainage  \ni. Surface drainage  \nii. Sub-surface drainage  \n2. Vertical drainage i.e . Tube wells  \nDESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS:  \nSurface drainage involves the removal of excess water from the surface of the soil.  \nThis is done by removing low spots where water accumulates by land forming or by excavating ditches or a combination of the two .  \nLand forming is mechanically changing the land surface to drain surface water .  \nThis is done by smoothing, grading, bedding or leveling.  \nLand smoothing is the shaping of the land to a smooth surface in order to eliminate minor differences in elevation and this is accomplished by filling shallow depressions using bulldozers or scrapers .  \nThere is no change in land contour . Smoothing is done using land levelers or planes .  \nDesign of Drainage Channels or Ditches  \nEstimation of Peak Flows: This can be done using the Rational formula, Cook's method, Curve Number method, Soil Conservation Service method etc .  \nDrainage coefficients (to be treated later) are at times used in the tropics especially in flat areas and where peak storm runoff would require excessively large channels and culverts .  \nThis may not apply locally because of high slopes .","cbCaikTOxazaS3mO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikTOxazaS3mO","pdf",1271564,68,"English","# Drainage and types of drainage\n## Land drainage\n## Field drainage\n# Need and aims of drainage\n# Types of field drainage\n## Horizontal drainage\n### Surface drainage\n### Sub-surface drainage\n## Vertical drainage\n### Tube wells\n# Design of surface drainage systems\n## Surface drainage concept and execution\n### Land forming\n### Land smoothing\n## Design of drainage channels or ditches\n### Estimation of peak flows","[{\"question\":\"What is drainage and what are the two main types described?\",\"answer\":\"Drainage is the removal of excess water from a place. The document identifies land drainage and field drainage as the two main types.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is field drainage needed during rain or irrigation?\",\"answer\":\"Water infiltrates into soil pores and when pores are saturated, no more water can be absorbed, causing pools to form on the soil surface. Field drainage helps prevent and manage this saturated condition.\"},{\"question\":\"How is surface drainage designed and what is used to estimate peak flows?\",\"answer\":\"Surface drainage removes excess water from the soil surface by eliminating low spots through land forming, excavating ditches, or both. The document states peak flows can be estimated using methods such as the Rational formula, Cook’s method, Curve Number method, and Soil Conservation Service method.\"}]","DRAINAGE & DESIGN OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS - Introduction - Field Drainage and Surface Drainage Design | PDF",171]