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DPP4 inhibitors have drawn interest due to roles in glucose metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and tumor biology, and this review compiles epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical evidence while noting controversies and the need for further studies.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dpp-4-inhibitors-in-female-cancers-opportunities-for-drug-repurposing/360248/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dpp-4-inhibitors-in-female-cancers-opportunities-for-drug-repurposing/360248.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Adam","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why are DPP4 inhibitors considered potential candidates for female cancers?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"DPP4 has diverse biological functions in glucose metabolism, inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor biology. 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Muddather 1,2,†, Zsuzsanna Schelz 1,† and István Zupkó 1, *  \nAcademic Editor: Madhav Bhatia  \nReceived: 16 March 2026  \nRevised: 17 April 2026  \nAccepted: 22 April 2026  \nPublished: 24 April 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; [hiba.161991@hotmail.com](hiba.161991@hotmail.com) (H.F.M.); [schelz.zsuzsanna@szte.hu](schelz.zsuzsanna@szte.hu) (Z.S.)  \n2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Hospital Street, Wad Madani 21112, Sudan  \n* Correspondence: [zupko.istvan@szte.hu](zupko.istvan@szte.hu)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract  \nFemale malignancies, including breast, cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, remain a significant health challenge. Meanwhile, treatment options for advanced-stage remain limited. Drug repurposing has emerged as a promising approach to accelerate the development of effective cancer therapies using existing medications. Growing evidence indicates that metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus are linked with an elevated risk of tumors, highlighting antidiabetic drugs as potential anticancer agents. Among these, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) have attracted attention as potential therapeutic candidates, due to their diverse biological functions in glucose metabolism, inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor biology. This review summarizes current epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical evidence regarding the role of DPP4 in female cancers and the therapeutic potential of DPP4 inhibitors. Studies demonstrate that DPP4 influences key oncogenic processes, including proliferation, invasion, metastasis, immune modulation, and metabolic reprogramming. However, available data on DPP4 inhibition and its influence in cancer therapy are controversial and scarce. Further mechanistic studies and well-designed clinical investigations are required to clarify their safety and clinical applicability in the management of female malignancies.  \nKeywords: DDP4; female malignancies; antidiabetic; drug repurposing  \n1. Introduction  \nFemale malignancies, encompassing breast, cervical, ovarian, endometrial, and uterine cancers, continue to pose significant health challenges worldwide [1] . Global demographic and socioeconomic changes, particularly population growth and aging, are associated with a steady increase in the burden of these malignancies [2,3] . In 2022, approximately 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer globally, making it the most prevalent cancer among women. Cervical cancer accounts for the fourth most common cancer in women [4] . While ovarian and uterine cancers occur at a lower frequency, they remain devastating malignancies of the female reproductive system [5] . Survival outcomes also vary substantially across these malignancies. Breast cancer generally has favorable outcomes, with 5-year relative survival rates exceeding 85% in some regions due to improvements in early detection and targeted therapies [6] . In contrast, ovarian cancer continues to have a significantly poorer prognosis, with five-year relative survival rates below 50%, because  \nmost cases are diagnosed at advanced stages [7] . Cervical and endometrial showed intermediate survival outcomes that largely depend on the stage at diagnosis and accessibility to treatments [6,8] . Despite advancements in early detection and prevention, treatment options for advanced-stage gynecologic cancers remain limited, emphasizing the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. A summary of epidemiological characteristics and current ant","cbCaipTfFJwTIxzN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipTfFJwTIxzN","pdf",1590830,22,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n## Table 1. Overview of major female cancers","[{\"question\":\"Why are DPP4 inhibitors considered potential candidates for female cancers?\",\"answer\":\"DPP4 has diverse biological functions in glucose metabolism, inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor biology. Evidence summarized in the review links DPP4 to oncogenic processes such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, immune modulation, and metabolic reprogramming.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence types does the review synthesize about DPP4 in female cancers?\",\"answer\":\"The review summarizes current epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical evidence regarding the role of DPP4 in female cancers and the therapeutic potential of DPP4 inhibitors.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitations are noted regarding current data on DPP4 inhibition in cancer therapy?\",\"answer\":\"Available data on DPP4 inhibition and its influence in cancer therapy are described as controversial and scarce, indicating the need for further mechanistic research and well-designed clinical investigations.\"}]","DPP-4 Inhibitors in Female Cancers - Opportunities for Drug Repurposing | PDF",1790139230,55]