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This multi-centre retrospective study compiles clinical features, primary solid cancer histology, advanced imaging findings, treatment approaches, and prognostic factors in dogs with presumed BM identified at diagnosis or during follow-up. Fifty-eight client-owned dogs had histologically proven solid cancer with BM; haemangiosarcoma and carcinoma were most common. Neurologic deficits affected 79%, median survival after BM was 3 days, and prognosis was poor regardless of primary type.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dogs-brain-metastases-from-solid-cancers-in-58-dogs/367518/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dogs-brain-metastases-from-solid-cancers-in-58-dogs/367518.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How were brain metastases diagnosed in the dogs included in the study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"BM diagnosis was established through imaging studies and/or histologic examination of specimens obtained during necropsy.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which primary tumor types were most frequently associated with BM?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Haemangiosarcoma (53.4%) and carcinoma (27.6%) were the most common primary tumor histotypes, followed by melanoma (12.1%) and undifferentiated sarcoma (6.9%).",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What survival outcomes were reported after BM, and how did prognosis vary by primary cancer type?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The median survival after BM was 3 days (range 1–255), with 3- and 6-month survival rates of 8.6% and 1.7%, respectively. 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The aim of this multi-centre retrospective study was to report the clinical characteristics, primary solid cancer histology, advanced imaging findings, treatment modalities and potential prognostic factors in dogs with presumed BM that occurred either atthe time of initial diagnosis or during follow-up. BM diagnosis was established through either imaging studies or histologic examination of specimens obtained during necropsy. A total of 58 client-owned dogs with histologically proven solid cancer and BM were included. Clinicopathologic variables, BM characteristics based on imaging and survival post-BM (SPBM) were recorded. Haemangiosarcoma (53.4%) and carcinoma (27.6%) were the most common primary tumour histotypes, followed by melanoma (12.1%) and undifferentiated sarcoma (6.9%) . Synchronous BM and solitary BM occurred in 63.8% and 51.7% of dogs, respectively. The prosencephalus was most commonly affected, with 79% of dogs showing neurologic deficits. Antitumoural or palliative treatment was attempted in a minority of dogs, with no improved outcome. The median SPBM was 3 days (range, 1– 255). The 3-and 6-month survival rates were 8.6% and 1.7%, respectively. Dogs with haemangiosarcoma (OR: 7.6; 95% CI, 2.2–25.8; p = 0.001) and those with distant metastases at presentation (OR: 16; 95% CI, 4.2–60.9; p \u003C 0.001) had an increased likelihood of developing synchronous BM. Haemangiosarcoma and carcinoma were the tumours most frequently associated with BM, which were more commonly synchronous and symptomatic, with a high incidence of forebrain localization. The prognosis was poor, regardless of the primary cancer type.  \n1  Introduction  \nMetastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, representing the most demanding challenge in modern medicine (Seyfried and Huysentruyt 2013) .  \nIn people, the incidence of brain metastases (BM) has increased, largely due to an ageing population, the advent of targeted therapies that have extended the survival of cancer patients and improvement in early cancer detection (Singh et al. 2022; Kamar  \nand Posner 2010) . Approximately 20% of human cancer patients are reported to develop BM; however, necropsy studies suggest the true incidence may reach up to 40%(Nayak et al. 2012; Tabouretetal. 2012; Tsukada et al. 1983) . Patients with lung cancer (40%–50%), breast cancer (15%–25%) and melanoma (5%–20%) have the highest prevalence (Singh et al. 2022) .  \nBM are often associated with severe neurologic and cognitive impairment, along with disappointing survival rates. Computed tomography (CT) is typically performed in the acute setting for  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  \nVeterinary Medicine and Science, 2025; 11:e70441 1 of 9  \n[https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70441](https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70441)  \nrapid intrac","cbCaijlK3OiJz5Sg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijlK3OiJz5Sg","pdf",198274,"English","# Introduction\n## Brain metastases incidence and detection in people\n## Brain metastases in dogs and study rationale\n## Imaging modalities and clinical implications","[{\"question\":\"How were brain metastases diagnosed in the dogs included in the study?\",\"answer\":\"BM diagnosis was established through imaging studies and/or histologic examination of specimens obtained during necropsy.\"},{\"question\":\"Which primary tumor types were most frequently associated with BM?\",\"answer\":\"Haemangiosarcoma (53.4%) and carcinoma (27.6%) were the most common primary tumor histotypes, followed by melanoma (12.1%) and undifferentiated sarcoma (6.9%).\"},{\"question\":\"What survival outcomes were reported after BM, and how did prognosis vary by primary cancer type?\",\"answer\":\"The median survival after BM was 3 days (range 1–255), with 3- and 6-month survival rates of 8.6% and 1.7%, respectively. Prognosis was poor regardless of the primary cancer type.\"}]","Dogs - Brain Metastases From Solid Cancers in 58 Dogs | PDF",1790171167,23]