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The results show that elementary and middle school teachers’ wage indices in China are generally low, and the wage index has a significant negative effect on tutoring participation. Lower teacher wage levels correspond to higher student participation rates. The study recommends increasing fiscal investment in teacher salaries to reduce tutoring supply-demand pressures and support the policy prohibiting in-service teachers from tutoring.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/does-the-salary-of-elementary-and-middle-school-teachers-affect-students-participation-in-extracurricular-tutoring/595004/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/does-the-salary-of-elementary-and-middle-school-teachers-affect-students-participation-in-extracurricular-tutoring/595004.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mary Man","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What data source is used in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study is based on China Family Panel Studies 2016 (CFPS 2016) data.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the teacher wage index relate to students’ extracurricular tutoring participation?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The teacher wage index has a significant negative impact: the lower the teacher’s wage index, the higher the students’ participation rate in extracurricular tutoring.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What policy recommendation does the study make?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Governments at all levels should increase financial investment in elementary and middle school teachers’ salaries, which can help reduce the supply-demand imbalance in extracurricular tutoring and support prohibitions on in-service teachers participating in it.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595004,1792210698,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},7421720224475,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Does the Salary of Elementary and Middle School Teachers Affect Students’  \nParticipation in Extracurricular Tutoring?§  \nHaiping Xue, 1 Xiang Gao, 1 Aiai Fan2  \n1. Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China  \n2. Peking University, Beijing 100871, China  \n\n| Abstract. Based on the data of China Family Panel Studies 2016 (CFPS 2016), this study analyzed the effect of teacher wage index on students’participation in extracurricular tutoring through a two-layer linear model. We found that the wage index of elementary and middle schools teachers in China is generally low, and this index had a significant negative impact on students’ participation in extracurricular tutoring, i.e., the lower the teacher’s wage index, the higher the participation rate of students’ extracurricular tutoring. Governments at all levels should increase financial investment in elementary and middle schools teachers’ salaries. Efforts to improve the salary of elementary and middle schools teachers upon the teacher’s wage index as a reference will help to reduce the supply and demand of extracurricular tutoring in the basic education in China, and will also facilitate the implementation of the policy of prohibiting in-service teachers from participating in extracurricular tutoring.\u003Cbr>Best Evid Chin Edu 2020; 6(1): 769-787.\u003Cbr>Doi: [10.15354/bece.20.ar065](10.15354/bece.20.ar065). |\n| --- |\n| How to Cite: Xue, H., Gao, X., & Fan, A. (2020). Does the salary of elementary and middle school teachers affect students’participation in extracurricular tutoring? Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 6(1): 769-787. |\n\nKeywords: Extracurricular Tutoring; Teacher Salary; Wage Index  \n§: The original Chinese version has been abridged due to the limited printing layout. In this article, the original content that has been deleted is also published.  \nAbout the Author: Xiang Gao, Doctorate Candidate, School of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing  \n100048, [China. Email: 2180401008@cnu.edu.cn](China. Email: 2180401008@cnu.edu.cn).  \nCorrespondence to: Haiping Xue, Director, Professor, Institute of Educational Economics and Management, School of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, [China. Email: xuehaiping_416@163.com](China. Email: xuehaiping_416@163.com);  \nor  \nAiai Fan, Associate Editor, School of education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Email: [fanaa@pku.edu.cn](fanaa@pku.edu.cn)  \nFunding: This study was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) main project “Family Capital, Shadow Education and Social Reproduction”(Project \\#: 71774112) and Beijing Social Science Fund Research Base Key Project: From School Education to Shadow Education: Educational Competition and Social Reproduction (Project \\#: 15JDJYA007).  \nConflict of Interests: None.  \n© 2020 Insights Publisher. All rights reserved.  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Crea  \ntive Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by](http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by)nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed by the Insights Publisher.  \nIN recent years, extracurricular tutoring has become a hot social issue that concerns  \nthe government, students and parents. Among them, paid tutoring by in-service  \nteachers is a focus problem that the government, society and schools have been paying close attention to and trying to solve. Some studies have found that teacher salary was closely related to students’ participation in extracurricular tutoring (Brehm et al., 2012; Sujatha & Rani, 2011) . Investigation of the relationship between teachers’ salary level and students’ participation in extracurricular tutoring will help to understand the phenomenon of in-service teacher’s paid tutoring, and it will provide a reference for the Chinese government","cbCaiiF3CqBNeeAd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiF3CqBNeeAd","pdf",621699,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction and Background\n# Literature Review and Evidence","[{\"question\":\"What data source is used in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study is based on China Family Panel Studies 2016 (CFPS 2016) data.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the teacher wage index relate to students’ extracurricular tutoring participation?\",\"answer\":\"The teacher wage index has a significant negative impact: the lower the teacher’s wage index, the higher the students’ participation rate in extracurricular tutoring.\"},{\"question\":\"What policy recommendation does the study make?\",\"answer\":\"Governments at all levels should increase financial investment in elementary and middle school teachers’ salaries, which can help reduce the supply-demand imbalance in extracurricular tutoring and support prohibitions on in-service teachers participating in it.\"}]","Does the salary of elementary and middle school teachers affect students’ participation in extracurricular tutoring? | PDF",1792080258,48]