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This study investigates 143 non-English major students at Universitas Tanjungpura to examine the relationship between perceived reading comprehension difficulties and TOEFL reading performance. Using a descriptive correlational design with a 25-item Likert questionnaire, results show a modest yet significant positive correlation, with vocabulary knowledge and grammatical complexity emerging as the strongest predictors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/do-reading-difficulty-factors-affect-toefl-reading-scores-a-study-of-non-english-major-students/494986/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/do-reading-difficulty-factors-affect-toefl-reading-scores-a-study-of-non-english-major-students/494986.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"OmBimo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-10-02",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the aim of this study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study aims to investigate the relationship between observed reading comprehension difficulties and TOEFL reading performance among non-English major students at Universitas Tanjungpura.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were reading difficulty factors measured?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Perceived reading comprehension difficulties were measured using a 25-item Likert-scale questionnaire covering vocabulary knowledge, grammatical complexity, prior knowledge, test anxiety, and time constraint.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which factors showed the strongest relationship with TOEFL reading scores?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Vocabulary knowledge and grammatical complexity showed the strongest relationships with TOEFL reading performance in both correlation and regression analyses.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},494986,1791165598,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},962090893581,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Vol. 15, No. 02, pp. 966-977, 2025 DOI: 10.23960/jpp.v15i2.pp966-977  \nJurnal Pendidikan Progresif  \ne-ISSN: 2550-1313 | p-ISSN: 2087-9849  \n[http://jurnal.fkip.unila.ac.id/index.php/jpp/](http://jurnal.fkip.unila.ac.id/index.php/jpp/)  \nDo Reading Difficulty Factors Affect TOEFL Reading Scores? : A Study  \nof Non-English Major Students  \nEka Fajar Rahmani*, & Chandra Fauzi  \nDepartment of English Language Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia  \n*Corresponding email: [ekasastria10@fkip.untan.umm.ac.id](ekasastria10@fkip.untan.umm.ac.id)  \nReceived: 17 April 2025 Accepted: 04 May 2025 Published: 26 May 2025  \nAbstract: Reading comprehension is quite important for non-English major students especially in academic settings where access to English-language resources is required. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate among 143 non-English major students at Universitas Tanjungpura the relationship between the observed reading comprehension difficulties and TOEFL reading performance. Method: Using a descriptive correlational design, data were collected through a 25-item Likert-scale questionnaire measuring five key variables: vocabulary knowledge, grammatical complexity, prior knowledge, test anxiety, and time constraint. TOEFL reading scores were obtained from Educational Testing Service (ETS) practice tests. Findings: Pearson correlation analysis revealed a modest but statistically significant positive correlation between perceived difficulty factors and TOEFL reading scores (r = 0.3497, p \u003C .01). Among the variables, vocabulary knowledge (r = 0.428, p \u003C .01) and grammatical complexity (r = 0.397, p \u003C .01) showed the strongest relationships with performance. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that all five factors accounted for 23.2% of the variance in TOEFL reading scores (F(5,137) = 9.314, p \u003C .001), with vocabulary knowledge (â = .259, p \u003C .01) and grammatical complexity (â = .220, p \u003C .05) emerging as the most significant predictors. These results demonstrate how important it is to include psychological and language elements into reading instructions. This study offers a novel addition by linking students’ perceived reading difficulties with actual exam performance in the understudied setting of Indonesian non-English majors. Conclusion: This study emphasizes also the importance of customized teaching strategies addressing particular challenges experienced by these students. Teachers or lecturers, in this situation, can better help nonEnglish majors in raising their reading competence and general academic achievement by concentrating on strengthening vocabulary and grammatical knowledge. Future studies urged to investigate other elements including reading techniques and student motivation.  \nKeywords: correlational study, non-English major students, perceived difficulties, reading comprehension, TOEFL.  \nTo cite this article:  \nRahmani, E. F., & Fauzi, C. (2025). Do Reading Difficulty Factors Affect TOEFL Reading Scores?: A Study of Non-English Major Students. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 15(2), 966-977. doi: 10.23960/jpp.v15i2.966-977.  \n􀂄 INTRODUCTION  \nReading comprehension is a crucial component of academic achievement for nonEnglish major students whose areas of study require interaction with English-language resources. Research indicates that students with low reading comprehension abilities frequently  \nfind it difficult to understand or comprehend academic materials that can support their study success (Arifin, 2020; Kazemi et al., 2020; Riadil, 2020; Saeedi et al., 2016) reading since much of textbooks, research papers, and reliable online resources are written in English. Good reading comprehension, instead, also promotes  \nRahmani & Fauzi, Do Reading Difficulty Factors Affect TOEFL...  967  \ncritical thinking and analytical abilities, which are necessary for academic writing, research presentations, and overall academic success (Aloqaili, 2012; Astuti & Nurhayati, 2023; Oguntade, 2021; Su","cbCaiozhFsG3OAar","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiozhFsG3OAar","pdf",1018032,"English","# Introduction\n## Reading comprehension for non-English majors\n## Theoretical foundations\n## Study focus on TOEFL reading performance","[{\"question\":\"What is the aim of this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study aims to investigate the relationship between observed reading comprehension difficulties and TOEFL reading performance among non-English major students at Universitas Tanjungpura.\"},{\"question\":\"How were reading difficulty factors measured?\",\"answer\":\"Perceived reading comprehension difficulties were measured using a 25-item Likert-scale questionnaire covering vocabulary knowledge, grammatical complexity, prior knowledge, test anxiety, and time constraint.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors showed the strongest relationship with TOEFL reading scores?\",\"answer\":\"Vocabulary knowledge and grammatical complexity showed the strongest relationships with TOEFL reading performance in both correlation and regression analyses.\"}]","Do Reading Difficulty Factors Affect TOEFL Reading Scores? - A Study of Non-English Major Students | PDF",1790900688]