[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-591216-105":59,"doc-detail-591216-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","do-perceptions-of-school-climate-improve-in-high-school-for-students-with-disabilities-article","Do Perceptions of School Climate Improve in High School for Students With Disabilities? - Article","","Positive perceptions of school climate are linked to academic well-being and student health, yet prior findings often show more favorable climate perceptions in middle school for general education students than for students with disabilities. Using rich longitudinal student-level data, the study examines whether perceptions improve after the transition to high school, whether school characteristics mediate those changes, and whether improvement differs for general education students versus students with disabilities.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/do-perceptions-of-school-climate-improve-in-high-school-for-students-with-disabilities-article/591216/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/do-perceptions-of-school-climate-improve-in-high-school-for-students-with-disabilities-article/591216.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"eBook King","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the study trying to determine about school climate perceptions after students enter high school?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examines whether students’ perceptions of school climate improve when they transition from middle school to high school.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Do school characteristics explain changes in school climate perceptions across grades?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Yes. The analysis tests whether school characteristics mediate the relationship between climate perceptions and grade level.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do changes in perceptions differ between students with disabilities and general education students?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The findings indicate perceptions for general education students improve more (or decline less) than those for students with disabilities, leading to gaps favoring general education students.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},591216,1792144816,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962088006270,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","American Educational Research Journal August 2023, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 667–695 DOI: 10.3102/00028312231169243  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)  \n􀀂 2023 AERA. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/aer](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/aer)  \nDo Perceptions of School Climate Improve in High School for Students With Disabilities?  \nSpenser Gwozdzik  \nRobert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University  \nLeanna Stiefel  \nWagner and Steinhardt Schools, New York University  \nPositive perceptions of school climate correlate with many dimensions of academic well-being and student health. Unfortunately, some existing research finds more favorable perceptions in middle school for general education students (GENs) than for students with disabilities (SWDs) . Given the importance of ninth grade to student success, it is important to know if perceptions improve when students go to high school, if they improve more for GENs than SWDs, and if they are mediated by school characteristics. Our analysis of rich student-level longitudinal data suggests that students perceive improvements in school climate when they transition to high school, school characteristics do mediate perceptions, and perceptions of GENs improve more (or decline less) than those of SWDs, resulting in gaps favoring GENs.  \nKEYWORDS: high school, middle school, school climate, students with disabilities  \nIntroduction  \nPositive perceptions of school climate correlate with many dimensions of academic well-being and student health (e.g., Bradshaw et al., 2014; Cohen  \nSPENSER GWOZDZIK is a doctoral candidate at the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University, 298 Lafayette Street, New York, New York, 10012; e-mail: [spenser.gwozdzik@nyu.edu](spenser.gwozdzik@nyu.edu. His)[. His](spenser.gwozdzik@nyu.edu. His) research uses quantitative methods to analyze topics related to urban education policy, with a focus on students with disabilities as well as the intersection of education and housing in the New York City context.  \nLEANNA STIEFEL is a professor of economics at the Wagner and Steinhardt Schools, New York University, 298 Lafayette Street, New York, New York, 10012; e-mail: [leanna.stiefel@nyu.edu](leanna.stiefel@nyu.edu. Her work focuses on quantitative analysis of urban education)[. Her work focuses on quantitative analysis of urban education](leanna.stiefel@nyu.edu. Her work focuses on quantitative analysis of urban education)[ ](leanna.stiefel@nyu.edu. Her work focuses on quantitative analysis of urban education)policy and issues, including education reforms and financing, and most recently special education policy.  \nGwozdzik and Stiefel  \net al., 2009; Daily et al., 2020) . Unfortunately, some existing research shows that these perceptions are better in middle school for general education students (GENs) than for students with disabilities (SWDs), the latter comprising approximately 14% of all public school students (e.g., National Center for Education Statistics [NCES], 2021; Stiefel et al., 2018) . How do perceptions of SWDs relative to GENs change when students go to high school, and are those perceptions mediated by school characteristics? There is little empirical evidence on these questions, which are of policy and theoretical significance. For policy, they are important because ninth grade is critical in terms of later high school accomplishments (Neild et al., 2008; Roderick & Kelley-Kemple, 2021), and school climate may play a role in success during that year, especially for SWDs. Additionally, SWDs generally have quite low high school academic performance and poor high school graduation rates (NCES, 2019b),1 which might be mitigated with improved high school climates. Theoretically, the questions are significant for the contribution their answers can provide to the abundant literature on the life course (e.g., Elder et al. , 2003), which for stude","cbCaifMiqPaoCjpd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifMiqPaoCjpd","pdf",440539,29,"English","# Introduction\n## Research questions\n## Study setting and data\n## Conceptual model and mediation","[{\"question\":\"What is the study trying to determine about school climate perceptions after students enter high school?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines whether students’ perceptions of school climate improve when they transition from middle school to high school.\"},{\"question\":\"Do school characteristics explain changes in school climate perceptions across grades?\",\"answer\":\"Yes. The analysis tests whether school characteristics mediate the relationship between climate perceptions and grade level.\"},{\"question\":\"How do changes in perceptions differ between students with disabilities and general education students?\",\"answer\":\"The findings indicate perceptions for general education students improve more (or decline less) than those for students with disabilities, leading to gaps favoring general education students.\"}]","Do Perceptions of School Climate Improve in High School for Students With Disabilities? - Article | PDF",1792071352,73]