[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-293262-105":3,"doc-detail-293262-en":81,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":98},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","do-large-language-models-have-a-personality-a-psychometric-evaluation-with-implications-for-clinical-medicine-and-mental-health","Do Large Language Models Have a Personality? - A Psychometric Evaluation with Implications for Clinical Medicine and Mental Health","","Large language models are increasingly used in clinical medicine for emotional support, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and assistance in triage and diagnosis. This study evaluates whether LLMs express inherent baseline personality traits and how they diverge from expected neutrality. Personality profiles are characterized using two validated frameworks, the Open Extended Jungian Type Scales (OEJTS) and the Big Five Personality Test, across four leading 2024 models.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/do-large-language-models-have-a-personality-a-psychometric-evaluation-with-implications-for-clinical-medicine-and-mental-health/293262/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/do-large-language-models-have-a-personality-a-psychometric-evaluation-with-implications-for-clinical-medicine-and-mental-health/293262.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Lute","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-17",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Which personality frameworks were used to evaluate large language models in this study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The study uses two validated frameworks: the Open Extended Jungian Type Scales (OEJTS) and the Big Five Personality Test.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How many and which 2024 LLMs were evaluated?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Four leading publicly available LLMs from 2024 were evaluated: ChatGPT-3.5, Gemini Advanced, Claude 3 Opus, and Grok-Regular Mode.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What were the key findings about personality differences across models?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"A one-way MANOVA showed statistically significant differences across models in typological and dimensional personality traits. Results indicated consistent model-specific tendencies across OEJTS and Big Five dimensions, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},293262,1789661728,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",{"doc_id":79,"user_id":84,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":85,"doc_module":4,"category_id":86,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":87,"file_id":88,"file_url":89,"file_type":90,"file_size":91,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":92,"language":93,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":94,"faqs":95,"seo_title":96,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":97,"preview_page_count":4},137454149569,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"medRxiv preprint doi: [https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.14.25323987](https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.14.25323987); this version posted March 15, 2025. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.  \nIt is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license .  \nTitle: Do Large Language Models Have a Personality? A Psychometric Evaluation with  \nImplications for Clinical Medicine and Mental Health AI Authors: Thomas F Heston, MD1,2, Justin Gillette2  \nAffiliations: 1 Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA. 2 Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.  \nCorresponding Author:  \nThomas F. Heston, MD Department of Family Medicine School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA.  \n[theston@uw.edu](theston@uw.edu)  \nNOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice.  \nmedRxiv preprint doi: [https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.14.25323987](https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.14.25323987); this version posted March 15, 2025. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.  \nIt is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license .  \nAbstract  \nIntroduction: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in clinical medicine to provide emotional support, deliver cognitive-behavioral therapy, and assist in triage and diagnosis. However, as LLMs are integrated into mental health applications, assessing their inherent personality traits and evaluating their divergence from expected neutrality is essential. This study characterizes the personality profiles exhibited by LLMs using two validated frameworks: the Open Extended Jungian Type Scales (OEJTS) and the Big Five Personality Test.  \nMethods: Four leading LLMs publicly available in 2024 [ChatGPT-3.5 (OpenAI), Gemini Advanced (Google), Claude 3 Opus (Anthropic), and Grok-Regular Mode (X)] were evaluated across both psychometric instruments. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to assess inter-model differences in personality profiles.  \nResults: MANOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences across models in typological and dimensional personality traits (Wilks’Lamda = 0.115, p \u003C 0.001) . OEJTS results showed ChatGPT-3.5 most often classified as ENTJ and Claude 3 Opus consistently as INTJ, while Gemini Advanced and Grok-Regular leaned toward INFJ. On the Big Five Personality Test, Gemini scored markedly lower on agreeableness and conscientiousness, while Claude scored highest on conscientiousness and emotional stability. Grok-Regular exhibited high openness but more variability in stability. Effect sizes ranged from moderate to large across traits.  \nConclusion: Distinct personality profiles are consistently expressed across different LLMs, even in unprompted conditions. Given the increasing integration of LLMs into clinical workflows, these findings underscore the need for formal personality evaluation and oversight involving mental health professionals before deployment.  \nIntroduction  \nThe rapid advancement of neural networks powered by transformer technology has  \nrevolutionized artificial intelligence (AI), leading to the emergence of generative AI through  \nmedRxiv preprint doi: [https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.14.25323987](https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.14.25323987); this version posted March 15, 2025. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.  \nIt is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 Interna","cbCaid9avrUhZdEq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaid9avrUhZdEq","pdf",295118,20,"English","# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"Which personality frameworks were used to evaluate large language models in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses two validated frameworks: the Open Extended Jungian Type Scales (OEJTS) and the Big Five Personality Test.\"},{\"question\":\"How many and which 2024 LLMs were evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"Four leading publicly available LLMs from 2024 were evaluated: ChatGPT-3.5, Gemini Advanced, Claude 3 Opus, and Grok-Regular Mode.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings about personality differences across models?\",\"answer\":\"A one-way MANOVA showed statistically significant differences across models in typological and dimensional personality traits. Results indicated consistent model-specific tendencies across OEJTS and Big Five dimensions, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large.\"}]","Do Large Language Models Have a Personality? - A Psychometric Evaluation with Implications for Clinical Medicine and Mental Health | PDF",50,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":99},[100,104,108,112,117,121,126,129,133,136,140],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":120},6,"Technology","technology",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":123,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":86,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},30,"research-report",{"id":130,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":92,"slug":132},9,"Religion & Spirituality","religion-spirituality",{"id":92,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":92,"slug":135},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":137,"slug":139},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":141,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":142,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":143},19,"General","general"]